770 lines
41 KiB
TeX
770 lines
41 KiB
TeX
%!TEX program = xelatex
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%表示用xelatex编译文件
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\documentclass[a4paper]{ctexart}
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\usepackage{array}
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\usepackage{tabularx}
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\usepackage{indentfirst}
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\setlength{\parindent}{2em}
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\usepackage{booktabs}
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\usepackage{multirow}
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\usepackage{makecell}
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\usepackage{graphicx}
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\usepackage{subfig}
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\usepackage{amsmath}
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\usepackage{amsfonts}
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\usepackage{amssymb}
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\usepackage{amsthm}
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\usepackage{latexsym}
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\begin{document}
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\title{标题页}
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\author{Ryan\thanks{注脚}%
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\and Fan\thanks{注脚}%
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}
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\date{\today}
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\maketitle
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\abstract
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一般用于紧跟\textbackslash maketitle 命令之后介绍文档的摘要\par
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中文\LaTeX{}排版。
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\section{用\LaTeX 排版文字}
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{}分段\\换行\textbackslash\textbackslash\par
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冒号``please press the `x' key.''\par
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连字符-用来组成复合词，\\%
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短破折号--用来连接数字表示范围，\\%
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长破折号---用来连接单词\par
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省略号\dots{}和\ldots\par
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波浪号～\par
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强调\underline{文字,但是无法换行，}%
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\uline{ulem 宏包解决了这一问题,它提供的 uline 命令能够轻松生成自动换行的下划线。}%
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\emph{emph 命令用来将文字变为斜体以示强调。%
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\emph{如果在本身已经用 emph 命令强调的文字内部嵌套使用 emph 命令,}%
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内部则使用直立体文字。%
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}\par
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在合适的位置插入一个不会断行的空格Fig.~1, Ryan~Fan\par
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断行\\[15pt]可以带可选参数 $\langle length\rangle$,用于在换行处向下增加垂直间距%
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\newline{}或者newline命令，不用带参数\par
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\newpage 断页，在在双栏排版中只起到另起一栏的作用\par
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断词 I think this is: supercalifragil\-isticexpialidocious. %
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And I think this is: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.\par
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\newpage
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\tableofcontents
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\section[目录和页眉页脚]{章节}
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\subsection{子章节}
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\subsubsection{子子章节}
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\paragraph{段落}
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\subparagraph{子段落}
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\section*{标题不带编号}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{标题不带编号}
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\part{分块}
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\section{交叉引用}
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A reference to this subsection\label{sec:this} looks like: %
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``see section~\ref{sec:this} on page~\pageref{sec:this}.''
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\section{脚注和边注}
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“天地玄黄,宇宙洪荒。日月盈昃,辰宿列张。”\footnote{出自《千字文》。}\par
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\begin{tabular}{l}
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\hline
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有些情况下(比如在表格环境、各种盒子\\
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内)使用 footnote 并不能正确生成脚\\
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注。我们以分两步进行,先使用 \\
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footnotemark 为脚注计数,再在合适\\
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的位置用 footnotetext 生成脚注。\footnotemark\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\footnotetext{出自《千字文》。}
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\marginpar{\footnotesize 边注较窄,不要写过多文字,最好设置较小的字号。}
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\section{特殊环境}
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\subsection{列表}
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有序列表
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item An item.
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item A nested item.\label{itref}
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\item[*] A starred item.
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\end{enumerate}
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\item Reference(\ref{itref}).
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\end{enumerate}
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无序列表
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\begin{itemize}
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\item An item.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item A nested item.
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\item[+] A `plus' item. + A ‘plus’ item.
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\item Another item. – Another item.
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\end{itemize}
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\item Go back to upper level.
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\end{itemize}
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关键字环境
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\begin{description}
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\item[Enumerate] Numbered list.
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\item[Itemize] Non-numbered list.
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\end{description}
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重定义无序列表的符号
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\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{\dag}
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\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\ddag}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item First item
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Subitem
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\item Subitem
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\end{itemize}
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\item Second item
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\end{itemize}
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重定义有序列表的符号
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\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}>}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item First item
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\item Second item
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\end{enumerate}
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\subsection{对齐环境}
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center、flushleft 和 flushright 环境分别用于生成%
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居中、左对齐和右对齐的文本环境。
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\begin{center}
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Centered text using a
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\verb|center| environment.
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\end{center}
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\begin{flushleft}
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Left-aligned text using a
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\verb|flushleft| environment.
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\end{flushleft}
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\begin{flushright}
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Right-aligned text using a
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\verb|flushright| environment.
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\end{flushright}
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还可以用以下命令直接改变文字的对齐方式:
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\centering
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Centered text paragraph.\par
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\raggedright
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Left-aligned text paragraph.\par
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\raggedleft
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Right-aligned text paragraph.\par
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\begin{flushleft}
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center 等环境会在上下文产生一个额外间距,%
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而 \textbackslash centering 等命令不产生,只是改变对齐方式。%
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\end{flushleft}
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\raggedright
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比如在浮动体环境 table 或 figure 内实现居中对齐,%
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用 \textbackslash centering 命令即可,没必要再用 center 环境。
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\subsection{引用环境}
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\begin{description}
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\item[quote] 用于引用较短的文字,首行不缩进\\
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Francis Bacon says:
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\begin{quote}
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Knowledge is power.
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\end{quote}
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\item[quotation] 用于引用若干段文字,首行缩进\\
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《木兰诗》:
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\begin{quotation}
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万里赴戎机,关山度若飞。
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朔气传金柝,寒光照铁衣。
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将军百战死,壮士十年归。
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归来见天子,天子坐明堂。
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策勋十二转,赏赐百千强。......
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\end{quotation}
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\end{description}
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\subsection{代码环境}
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\begin{verbatim}
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#include <iostream>
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int main()
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{
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std::cout << "Hello, world!"
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<< std::endl;
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return 0;
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}
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\end{verbatim}
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\begin{verbatim*}
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for (int i=0; i<4; ++i)
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printf("Number %d\n",i);
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\end{verbatim*}
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要排版简短的代码或关键字\textbackslash verb $\langle delim\rangle\langle code\rangle\langle delim\rangle$\par
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$\langle delim\rangle$ 标明代码的分界位置,前后必须一致,除字母、空格或星号外,%
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可任意选择使得不与代码本身冲突,习惯上使用 | 符号。\par
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\verb|\LaTeX| \\
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\verb+(a || b)+ \verb*+(a || b)+
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\subsection{表格}
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\subsubsection{列表格}
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tabular 环境使用 $\langle column-spec\rangle$ 参数指定表格的列数以及每列的格式。\par
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\begin{tabular}{lcr|p{6em}}
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\hline
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left & center & right & par box with fixed width\\
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L & C & R & P\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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@ 格式可在单元格前后插入任意的文本,%
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但同时它也消除了单元格前后额外添加的间距。\par
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\begin{tabular}{@{} r@{:}lr @{}}
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\hline
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1 & 1 & one\\
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11 & 3 & eleven\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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格式参数重复\par
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\begin{tabular}{|*{5}{c|}*{2}{p{3em}|}}
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\hline
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one & two & three & four & five & Hello! \LaTeX & Hello!\\
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1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & hello! & \LaTeX\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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辅助格式 > 和 <,用于给列格式前后加上修饰命令\par
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\begin{tabular}{>{\itshape}r<{*}l}
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%需要使用array宏包
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\hline
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italic & normal \\
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column & column \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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\begin{tabular}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}p{16em}}
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\hline
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辅助格式甚至支持插入 \textbackslash centering 等%
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命令改变 p 列格式的对齐方式,一般还要加额外的命令 %
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\textbackslash arraybackslash 以免出错。\\
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\hline
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\textbackslash centering 等对齐命令会破坏表格环境里 %
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\textbackslash\textbackslash 换行命令的定义,%
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\textbackslash arraybackslash 用来恢复之。%
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如果不加 \textbackslash arraybackslash 命令,%
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也可以用 \textbackslash tabularnewline 命令%
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代替原来的 \textbackslash\textbackslash 实现表格换行。\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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\LaTeX 本身提供了 tabular* 环境用来排版定宽表格,但是不太方便使用,%
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比如要用到 @ 格式插入额外命令,令单元格之间的间距为 \textbackslash fill,%
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但即使这样仍然有瑕疵:\par
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\begin{tabular*}{14em}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}}|c|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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A & B & C & D \\
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\hline
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a & b & c & d \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular*}\par
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tabularx 宏包为我们提供了方便的解决方案。它引入了一个 X 列格式,%
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类似 p 列格式,不过会根据表格宽度自动计算列宽,多个X列格式平均分配列宽。%
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X列格式也可以用 array 里的辅助 格式修饰对齐方式:\par
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\begin{tabularx}{14em}{|*{4}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X|}}
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\hline
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A & B & C & D \\
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\hline
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a & b & c & d \\
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\hline
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\end{tabularx}\par
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\subsubsection{横线}
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\textbackslash cline\{$\langle i-j\rangle$\} 用来绘制跨越部分单元格的横线:\par
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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4 & 9 & 2 \\ \cline{2-3}
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3 & 5 & 7 \\ \cline{1-1}
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8 & 1 & 6 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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三线表由 booktabs 宏包 支持,它提供了 \textbackslash toprule、%
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\textbackslash midrule 和 \textbackslash bottomrule %
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命令用以排版三线表的三条线, 以及和 \textbackslash cline 对应的 %
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\textbackslash cmidrule。除此之外,最好不要用其它横线以及竖线:\par
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\begin{tabular}{cccc}
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\toprule
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& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Numbers} \\
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\cmidrule{2-4}
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& 1 & 2 & 3 \\
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\midrule
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Alphbet & A & B & C \\
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Roman & I & II& III \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{tabular} \par
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\subsubsection{合并单元格}
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横向合并单元格较为容易,由 \textbackslash multicolumn\{$\langle n\rangle$\}\{$\langle column-spec\rangle$\}\{$\langle item\rangle$\} %
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命令实现:\par
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其中 $\langle n\rangle$ 为要合并的列数,$\langle column-spec\rangle$ 为合并单元格后的列格式,只允许出现一个 l/c/r 或 p 格式。%
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如果合并前的单元格前后带表格线 |,合并后的列格式也要带 | 以使得表格的竖线一致。\par
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形如 \textbackslash multicolumn\{1\}\{$\langle column-spec\rangle$\}\{$\langle item\rangle$\} %
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的命令可以用来修改某一个单元格的列格式。\par
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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1 & 2 & Center \\
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\hline
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\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{3} & \multicolumn{1}{r|}{Right} \\
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\hline
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4 & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{C} \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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纵向合并单元格需要用到 multirow 宏包提供的 %
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\textbackslash multirow\{$\langle n\rangle$\}\{$\langle width\rangle$\}\{$\langle item\rangle$\} 命令:\par
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$\langle width\rangle$ 为合并后单元格的宽度,可以填 * 以使用自然宽度。\par
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\begin{tabular}{ccc}
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\hline
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\multirow{2}{*}{Item} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Value} \\
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\cline{2-3}
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& First & Second \\
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\hline
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A & 1 & 2 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\subsubsection{嵌套表格}
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在单元格中嵌套一个小表格可 以起到``拆分单元格''的效果。\par
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注意要用 \textbackslash multicolumn 命令配合 @\{\} %
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格式把单元格的额外边距去掉,使得嵌套的表格线能和外层的表格线正确相连:\par
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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a & b & c \\
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\hline
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a & \multicolumn{1}{@{}c@{}|}
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{\begin{tabular}{c|c}
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e & f \\
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\hline
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e & f \\
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\end{tabular}} & c \\
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\hline
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a & b & c \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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如果不需要为“拆分的单元格”画线,并且只在垂直方向“拆分”的话,makecell 宏包%
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提供 的 \textbackslash makecell 命令是一个简单的解决方案:\par
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
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\hline
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a & \makecell{d1 \\ d2} \\
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\hline
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b & c \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\subsubsection{行距控制}
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\LaTeX 生成的表格看起来通常比较紧凑。%
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修改参数 \textbackslash arraystretch 可以得到行距更加宽松 的表格:\par
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\renewcommand\arraystretch{1.8}
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\begin{tabular}{|c|}
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\hline
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Really loose \\
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\hline
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tabular rows. \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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另一种增加间距的办法是给换行命令 \textbackslash\textbackslash 添加可选参数,%
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在这一行下面加额外的间距,适合用于在行间不加横线的表格:\par
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\renewcommand\arraystretch{1}
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\begin{tabular}{c}
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\hline
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Head lines \\[6pt]
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tabular lines \\
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tabular lines \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\subsection{图片}
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\LaTeX 本身不支持插图功能,需要由 graphicx 宏包辅助支持。\par
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使用 \textbackslash includegraphics[$\langle options\rangle$]\{$\langle filename\rangle$\} 命令加载图片了:\par
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其中 $\langle filename\rangle$ 为图片文件名,文件名有时需要使用相对路径或绝对路径。\par
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\textbackslash graphicspath 命令,用于声明一个或多个图片文件存放的目录,%
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使用这些目录里的图片时可不用写路径:\par
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\textbackslash includegraphics 命令的可选参数 $\langle options\rangle$ 支持 %
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$\langle key\rangle$=$\langle value\rangle$ 形式赋值,常用的参数如下:\par
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\begin{tabular}{ll}
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\hline
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参数 & 含义 \\
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\hline
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width=$\langle width\rangle$ & 将图片缩放到宽度为$\langle width\rangle$ \\
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height=$\langle height\rangle$ & 将图片缩放到高度为$\langle height\rangle$ \\
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scale=$\langle scale\rangle$ & 将图片相对于原尺寸缩放$\langle scale\rangle$倍 \\
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angle=$\langle angle\rangle$ & 令图片逆时针旋转$\langle angle\rangle$度 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\includegraphics[scale=0.05]{/home/ryan/Pictures/wallpaper/heic2007a}
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\graphicspath{{/home/ryan/Pictures/wallpaper/}}
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\includegraphics[scale=0.05]{heic1501a}
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\subsection{盒子}
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\subsubsection{水平盒子}
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\textbackslash mbox\{\ldots \}\par
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\textbackslash makebox$[\langle width\rangle][\langle align\rangle]\{\ldots \}$\par
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\textbackslash mbox 生成一个基本的水平盒子,内容只有一行,不允许分段(除非嵌套其它盒子)
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\textbackslash makebox 更进一步,可以加上可选参数用于控制盒子的宽度 $\langle width\rangle$,%
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以及内容的对齐方式$\langle align\rangle$,可选居中 c(默认值) 、左对齐 l、右对齐 r 和分散对齐 s\par
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|\mbox{Test some words.}|\\
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|\makebox[10em]{Test some words.}|\\
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|\makebox[10em][l]{Test some words.}|\\
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|\makebox[10em][r]{Test some words.}|\\
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|\makebox[10em][s]{Test some words.}|\par
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\subsubsection{带框的水平盒子}
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\textbackslash fbox 和 \textbackslash framebox 让我们可以为水平盒子添加边框。\par
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\fbox{Test some words.}\\
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\framebox[10em][r]{Test some words.}\par
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可以通过 \textbackslash setlength 命令调节边框的宽度 \textbackslash fboxrule %
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和内边距 \textbackslash fboxsep:\par
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||
\framebox[10em][r]{Test box.}\\
|
||
\setlength{\fboxrule}{1.6pt}
|
||
\setlength{\fboxsep}{1em}
|
||
\framebox[10em][r]{Test box.}\par
|
||
\subsubsection{垂直盒子}
|
||
排版一个文字可以换行的盒子:\par
|
||
\textbackslash parbox$[\langle align\rangle][\langle height\rangle][\langle inner-align\rangle]\{\langle width\rangle\}\{\ldots \}$
|
||
\textbackslash begin\{minipage\}$[\langle align\rangle][\langle height\rangle][\langle inner-align\rangle]\{\langle width\rangle\}$\\
|
||
\ldots\\
|
||
\textbackslash end\{minipage\}\par
|
||
其中 $[\langle align\rangle]$ 为盒子和周围文字的对齐情况(类似 tabular 环境); %
|
||
$\langle height\rangle$ 和 $\langle inner-align\rangle$设置盒子的高度和内容的对齐方式,%
|
||
类似水平盒子 \textbackslash makebox 的设置,不过 $\langle inner-align\rangle$ 接受的%
|
||
参数是顶部 t、底部 b、居中 c 和分散对齐 s。\par
|
||
三字经：\parbox[t]{3em}{人之初 性本善 性相近 习相远}
|
||
\quad
|
||
千字文：
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][8ex][t]{4em}
|
||
天地玄黄 宇宙洪荒
|
||
\end{minipage}\par
|
||
如果在 minipage 里使用 \textbackslash footnote 命令,生成的脚注会出现在盒子底部,编号是独立的, %
|
||
并且使用小写字母编号。而在 \textbackslash parbox 里无法正常使用 \textbackslash footnote 命令,%
|
||
只能在盒子里使用\textbackslash footnotemark,在盒子外使用\textbackslash footnotetext。\par
|
||
\fbox{这是一个垂直盒子的测试。\footnotemark}
|
||
\footnotetext{注脚来自fbox}
|
||
\fbox{\begin{minipage}{15em}%
|
||
这是一个垂直盒子的测试。
|
||
\footnote{注脚来自minipage.}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
}\par
|
||
\subsubsection{标尺盒子}
|
||
\textbackslash rule $[\langle raise\rangle]\{\langle width\rangle\}\{\langle height\rangle\}$%
|
||
命令用来画一个实心的矩形盒子,也可适当调整以用来画线(标尺):\par
|
||
Black \rule{12pt}{4pt} box.\\
|
||
Upper \rule[4pt]{6pt}{8pt} and lower \rule[-4pt]{6pt}{8pt} box.\\
|
||
A \rule[-.4pt]{6pt}{.4pt} line.\par
|
||
\subsection{浮动体}
|
||
\LaTeX 预定义了两类浮动体环境 figure 和 table。习惯上 figure 里放图片,table 里放表格,但并没有严格限制,%
|
||
可以在任何一个浮动体里放置文字、公式、表格、图片等等任意内容。\par
|
||
\textbackslash begin\{table\}$[\langle placement\rangle]$\\
|
||
\ldots\\
|
||
\textbackslash end\{table\}\par
|
||
$[\langle placement\rangle]$ 参数提供了一些符号用来表示浮动体允许排版的位置,%
|
||
如 hbp 允许浮动体排版在当前位置、底部或者单独成页。table 和 figure 浮动体的默认设置为 tbp。\par
|
||
双栏排版环境下,\LaTeX 提供了 table* 和 figure* 环境用来排版跨栏的浮动体。它们的用%
|
||
法与 table 和 figure 一样,不同之处为双栏的 $[\langle placement\rangle]$ 参数只能用 tp 两个位置。\par
|
||
\begin{tabular}{ll}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
参数 & 含义\\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
h & 当前位置(代码所处的上下文)\\
|
||
t & 顶部\\
|
||
b & 底部\\
|
||
p & 单独成页\\
|
||
! & 在决定位置时忽视限制\\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}\par
|
||
\textbackslash clearpage 命令 会在另起一页之前,先将所有推迟处理的浮动体排版成页,%
|
||
此时 htbp 等位置限制被完全忽略。\par
|
||
float 宏包为浮动体提供了 H 位置参数,不与 htbp 及 ! 混用。使用 H 位置参数时,%
|
||
会取消浮 动机制,将浮动体视为一般的盒子插入当前位置。\par
|
||
\subsubsection{浮动体的标题}
|
||
图表等浮动体提供了 \textbackslash caption\{\ldots\} 命令加标题,并且自动给浮动体编号:\par
|
||
可以用带星号的命令 \textbackslash caption* 生成不带编号 的标题,%
|
||
也可以使用带可选参数的形式 \textbackslash caption[\ldots]\{\ldots\},
|
||
使得在目录里使用短标题。\textbackslash caption 命令之后还可以紧跟 %
|
||
\textbackslash label 命令标记交叉引用。\par
|
||
可通过修改 \textbackslash figurename 和 \textbackslash tablename %
|
||
的内容来修改标题的前缀。标题样式的 定制功能由 caption 宏包提供.\par
|
||
table 和 figure 两种浮动体分别有各自的生成目录的命令:\\
|
||
\textbackslash listoftables\\
|
||
\textbackslash listoffigures\par
|
||
\subsubsection{并排和子图表}
|
||
\begin{figure}[htbp]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.015]{heic1501a}
|
||
\qquad
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.015]{heic2007a}\\
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.02]{opo0501a}
|
||
\caption{图片标题}
|
||
\label{}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
由于标题是横跨一行的,用 \textbackslash caption 命令为每个图片单独生成标题%
|
||
就需要借助前文提到的\textbackslash parbox 或者 minipage 环境,将标题限制在盒子内。\par
|
||
\begin{figure}[htbp]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][120pt][t]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.025]{heic1501a}
|
||
\caption{并排图1}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
\qquad
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][120pt][t]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.025]{heic2007a}
|
||
\caption{并排图2}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
给每个图片定义小标题时,就要用到 subfig 宏包的功能
|
||
\begin{figure}[htbp]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\subfloat[]{%
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][100pt][t]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.025]{heic2007a}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
}
|
||
\qquad
|
||
\subfloat[]{%
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][100pt][t]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.025]{heic1501a}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
}
|
||
\caption{使用 subfig 宏包的 \textbackslash subfloat 命令排版子图。}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
\section{数学公式}
|
||
amsmath 宏 包,对多行公式的排版提供了有力的支持,%
|
||
amsfonts 宏包以及基于它的 amssymb 宏包提 供了丰富的数学符号,%
|
||
amsthm 宏包扩展了 \LaTeX 定理证明格式。\par
|
||
\subsection{公式排版基础}
|
||
\subsubsection{行内和行间公式}
|
||
行内公式由一对 \$ 符号包裹:\\
|
||
The Pythagorean theorem is %
|
||
$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$.\par
|
||
行间公式在 \LaTeX 里由 equation 环境包裹,equation 环境为公式自动生成一 个编号,%
|
||
这个编号可以用 \textbackslash label 和 \textbackslash ref 生成交叉引用。\par
|
||
amsmath 的 \textbackslash eqref 命令甚至为引用 自动加上圆括号;%
|
||
还可以用 \textbackslash tag 命令手动修改公式的编号,%
|
||
或者用 \textbackslash notag 命令取消为公式编 号。\par
|
||
The Pythagorean theorem is:
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \label{pythagorean}
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
Equation \eqref{pythagorean} is called `Gougu theorem' in Chinese.\par
|
||
It's wrong to say
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
1 + 1 = 3 \tag{dumb}
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
or
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
1 + 1 = 4 \notag
|
||
\end{equation}\par
|
||
直接使用不带编号的行间公式:
|
||
\begin{equation*}
|
||
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
|
||
\end{equation*}
|
||
For short:
|
||
\[a^2 + b^2 = c^2\]
|
||
Or if you like the long one:
|
||
\begin{displaymath}
|
||
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
|
||
\end{displaymath}
|
||
行内公式和行间公式的对比:\\
|
||
In text:
|
||
$\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$\\
|
||
In display:
|
||
\[\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}\]
|
||
\subsection{数学模式}
|
||
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\arabic{enumi}.}
|
||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||
\item 数学模式中输入的空格被忽略。
|
||
\item 不允许有空行(分段)。
|
||
\item 所有的字母被当作数学公式中的变量处理,想在数学公式中输入正体的文本,%
|
||
可以用\textbackslash mathrm 或者 amsmath 提供的 \textbackslash text 命令。
|
||
\end{enumerate}
|
||
$x^2 \geq 0 \qquad
|
||
\text{for \textbf{all} } x \in \mathbb{R}$
|
||
\subsection{数学符号}
|
||
\subsubsection{一般符号}
|
||
\centering
|
||
文本/数学模式通用符号\\
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclclcl}
|
||
\hline
|
||
\{ & \textbackslash\{ & \} & \textbackslash\} & \$ & \textbackslash\$ & \% & \textbackslash\% \\
|
||
\dag & \textbackslash dag & \S & \textbackslash S & \copyright & \textbackslash copyright & \dots & \textbackslash dots \\
|
||
\ddag & \textbackslash ddag & \P & \textbackslash P & \pounds & \textbackslash pounds \\
|
||
\hline
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\newpage
|
||
希腊字母\par
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$\alpha$ & \textbackslash alpha & $\theta$ & \textbackslash theta &
|
||
$o$ & o & $\upsilon$ & \textbackslash upsilon \\
|
||
$\beta$ & \textbackslash beta & $\vartheta$ & \textbackslash vartheta &
|
||
$\pi$ & \textbackslash pi & $\phi$ & \textbackslash phi \\
|
||
$\gamma$ & \textbackslash gamma & $\iota$ & \textbackslash iota &
|
||
$\varpi$ & \textbackslash varpi & $\varphi$ & \textbackslash varphi \\
|
||
$\delta$ & \textbackslash delta & $\kappa$ & \textbackslash kappa &
|
||
$\rho$ & \textbackslash rho & $\chi$ & \textbackslash chi \\
|
||
$\epsilon$ & \textbackslash epsilon & $\lambda$ & \textbackslash lambda &
|
||
$\varrho$ & \textbackslash varrho & $\psi$ & \textbackslash psi \\
|
||
$\varepsilon$ & \textbackslash varepsilon & $\mu$ & \textbackslash mu &
|
||
$\sigma$ & \textbackslash sigma & $\omega$ & \textbackslash omega \\
|
||
$\zeta$ & \textbackslash zeta & $\nu$ & \textbackslash nu &
|
||
$\varsigma$ & \textbackslash varsigma \\
|
||
$\eta$ & \textbackslash eta & $\xi$ & \textbackslash xi &
|
||
$\tau$ & \textbackslash tau \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
$\Gamma$ & \textbackslash Gamma & $\Lambda$ & \textbackslash Lambda &
|
||
$\Sigma$ & \textbackslash Sigma & $\Psi$ & \textbackslash Psi \\
|
||
$\Delta$ & \textbackslash Delta & $\Xi$ & \textbackslash Xi &
|
||
$\Upsilon$ & \textbackslash Upsilon & $\Omega$ & \textbackslash Omega \\
|
||
$\Theta$ & \textbackslash Theta & $\Pi$ & \textbackslash Pi &
|
||
$\Phi$ & \textbackslash Phi \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{以下命令依赖 amsmath 宏包}\\
|
||
$\varGamma$ & \textbackslash varGamma & $\varLambda$ & \textbackslash varLambda &
|
||
$\varSigma$ & \textbackslash varSigma & $\varPsi$ & \textbackslash varPsi \\
|
||
$\varDelta$ & \textbackslash varDelta & $\varXi$ & \textbackslash varXi &
|
||
$\varUpsilon$ & \textbackslash varUpsilon & $\varOmega$ & \textbackslash varOmega \\
|
||
$\varTheta$ & \textbackslash varTheta & $\varPi$ & \textbackslash varPi &
|
||
$\varPhi$ & \textbackslash varPhi \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{依赖 amssymb 宏包}\\
|
||
$\digamma$ & \textbackslash digamma & $\varkappa$ & \textbackslash varkappa &
|
||
$\beth$ & \textbackslash beth & $\gimel$ & \textbackslash gimel \\
|
||
$\daleth$ & \textbackslash daleth \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}\par
|
||
其它符号\par
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$\dots$ & \textbackslash dots & $\cdots$ & \textbackslash cdots &
|
||
$\vdots$ & \textbackslash vdots & $\ddots$ & \textbackslash ddots \\
|
||
$\hbar$ & \textbackslash hbar & $\imath$ & \textbackslash imath &
|
||
$\jmath$ & \textbackslash jmath & $\ell$ & \textbackslash ell \\
|
||
$\Re$ & \textbackslash Re & $\Im$ & \textbackslash Im &
|
||
$\aleph$ & \textbackslash aleph & $\wp$ & \textbackslash wp \\
|
||
$\forall$ & \textbackslash forall & $\exists$ & \textbackslash exists &
|
||
$\partial$ & \textbackslash partial & $'$ & ' \\
|
||
$\prime$ & \textbackslash prime & $\emptyset$ & \textbackslash emptyset &
|
||
$\infty$ & \textbackslash infty & $\nabla$ & \textbackslash nabla \\
|
||
$\triangle$ & \textbackslash triangle & $\bot$ & \textbackslash bot &
|
||
$\top$ & \textbackslash top & $\angle$ & \textbackslash angle \\
|
||
$\surd$ & \textbackslash surd & $\diamondsuit$ & \textbackslash diamondsuit &
|
||
$\heartsuit$ & \textbackslash heartsuit & $\clubsuit$ & \textbackslash clubsuit \\
|
||
$\spadesuit$ & \textbackslash spadesuit & $\neg$ & \textbackslash neg or \textbackslash lnot &
|
||
$\flat$ & \textbackslash flat & $\natural$ & \textbackslash natural \\
|
||
$\sharp$ & \textbackslash sharp \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{以下命令依赖 latexsym 宏包}\\
|
||
$\mho$ & \textbackslash mho & $\Box$ & \textbackslash Box &
|
||
$\Diamond$ & \textbackslash Diamond \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\flushleft
|
||
$a_1,a_2,\dots,a_n$\\
|
||
$a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_n$\par
|
||
\subsubsection{指数、上下标和导数}
|
||
\textasciicircum 和 \_ 标明上下标。%
|
||
注意上下标的内容(子公式)一般需要用花括号包裹，否 则上下标只对后面的一个符号起作用:\par
|
||
$p^3_{ij} \qquad
|
||
m_\mathrm{Kunth} \qquad
|
||
\sum_{k=1}^3 k$\\
|
||
$a^x +y \neq a^{x+y} \qquad
|
||
e^{x^2} \neq {e^x}^2$ \par
|
||
导数符号$'$ 是一类特殊的上标,可以适当连用表示多阶导数,也可以在其后连用上标:\par
|
||
$f(x) = x^2 \quad
|
||
f'(x) = 2x \quad
|
||
f''^{2}(x) = 4$ \par
|
||
\subsubsection{分式和根式}
|
||
分式使用 \textbackslash frac\{分子\}\{分母\} 来书写。%
|
||
分式的大小在行间公式中是正常大小,而在行内被 极度压缩。%
|
||
amsmath 提供了方便的命令 \textbackslash dfrac 和 \textbackslash tfrac,%
|
||
令用户能够在行内使用正常大小的 分式，或是反过来。\par
|
||
In display style:
|
||
\[
|
||
3/8 \qquad
|
||
\frac{3}{8} \qquad
|
||
\tfrac{3}{8}
|
||
\]
|
||
In text style:
|
||
$1\frac{1}{2}$~hours \qquad
|
||
$1\dfrac{1}{2}$~hours\par
|
||
一般的根式使用 \textbackslash sqrt\{\dots\};%
|
||
表示 n 次方根时写成 \textbackslash sqrt[n]\{\dots\}。\par
|
||
$\sqrt{x} \Leftrightarrow x^{1/2} \quad
|
||
\sqrt[3]{2} \quad
|
||
\sqrt{x^{2} + \sqrt{y}}$ \par
|
||
特殊的分式形式,如二项式结构,由 amsmath 宏包的 \textbackslash binom 命令生成:\par
|
||
Pascal's rule is
|
||
\[
|
||
\binom{n}{k} = \binom{n - 1}{k} + \binom{n - 1}{k}
|
||
\]
|
||
\newpage
|
||
\subsubsection{关系符}
|
||
\centering
|
||
二元关系符\par
|
||
\begin{table}
|
||
\caption{二元关系符}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$<$ & < & $>$ & > &
|
||
$=$ & = \\
|
||
$\equiv$ & \textbackslash equiv & $\leq$ & \textbackslash leq or \textbackslash le &
|
||
$\geq$ & \textbackslash geq or \textbackslash ge \\
|
||
$\ll$ & \textbackslash ll & $\gg$ & \textbackslash gg &
|
||
$\doteq$ & \textbackslash doteq \\
|
||
$\prec$ & \textbackslash prec & $\succ$ & \textbackslash succ &
|
||
$\sim$ & \textbackslash sim \\
|
||
$\preceq$ & \textbackslash preceq & $\succeq$ & \textbackslash succeq &
|
||
$\simeq$ & \textbackslash simeq \\
|
||
$\subset$ & \textbackslash subset & $\supset$ & \textbackslash supset &
|
||
$\approx$ & \textbackslash approx \\
|
||
$\subseteq$ & \textbackslash subseteq & $\supseteq$ & \textbackslash supseteq &
|
||
$\cong$ & \textbackslash cong \\
|
||
$\sqsubseteq$ & \textbackslash sqsubseteq & $\sqsupseteq$ & \textbackslash sqsupseteq &
|
||
$\bowtie$ & \textbackslash bowtie \\
|
||
$\in$ & \textbackslash in & $\ni$ & \textbackslash ni ,\textbackslash owns &
|
||
$\propto$ & \textbackslash propto \\
|
||
$\vdash$ & \textbackslash vdash & $\dashv$ & \textbackslash dashv &
|
||
$\models$ & \textbackslash models \\
|
||
$\mid$ & \textbackslash mid & $\parallel$ & \textbackslash parallel &
|
||
$\perp$ & \textbackslash perp \\
|
||
$\smile$ & \textbackslash smile & $\frown$ & \textbackslash frown &
|
||
$\asymp$ & \textbackslash asymp \\
|
||
$:$ & : & $\notin$ & \textbackslash notin &
|
||
$\neq$ & \textbackslash neq or \textbackslash ne \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{以下命令依赖 latexsym 宏包}\\
|
||
$\sqsubset$ & \textbackslash sqsubset & $\sqsupset$ & \textbackslash sqsupset &
|
||
$\Join$ & \textbackslash Join \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{以下命令依赖 amssymb 宏包}\\
|
||
$\lessdot$ & \textbackslash lessdot & $\gtrdot$ & \textbackslash gtrdot &
|
||
$\doteqdot$ & \textbackslash doteqdot \\
|
||
$\leqslant$ & \textbackslash leqslant & $\geqslant$ & \textbackslash geqslant &
|
||
$\risingdotseq$ & \textbackslash risingdotseq \\
|
||
$\eqslantless$ & \textbackslash eqslantless & $\eqslantgtr$ & \textbackslash eqslantgtr &
|
||
$\fallingdotseq$ & \textbackslash fallingdotseq \\
|
||
$\leqq$ & \textbackslash leqq & $\geqq$ & \textbackslash geqq &
|
||
$\eqcirc$ & \textbackslash eqcirc \\
|
||
$\circeq$ & \textbackslash circeq & $\ggg$ & \textbackslash ggg &
|
||
$\lll$ & \textbackslash lll or \textbackslash llless \\
|
||
$\lesssim$ & \textbackslash lesssim & $\gtrsim$ & \textbackslash gtrsim &
|
||
$\triangleq$ & \textbackslash triangle \\
|
||
$\lessapprox$ & \textbackslash lessapprox & $\gtrapprox$ & \textbackslash gtrapprox &
|
||
$\bumpeq$ & \textbackslash bumpeq \\
|
||
$\lessgtr$ & \textbackslash lessgtr & $\gtrless$ & \textbackslash gtrless &
|
||
$\Bumpeq$ & \textbackslash Bumpeq \\
|
||
$\lesseqgtr$ & \textbackslash lesseqgtr & $\gtreqless$ & \textbackslash gtreqless &
|
||
$\thicksim$ & \textbackslash thicksim \\
|
||
$\lesseqqgtr$ & \textbackslash lesseqqgtr & $\gtreqqless$ & \textbackslash gtreqqless &
|
||
$\thickapprox$ & \textbackslash thickapprox \\
|
||
$\preccurlyeq$ & \textbackslash preccurlyeq & $\succcurlyeq$ & \textbackslash succcurlyeq &
|
||
$\approxeq$ & \textbackslash approxeq \\
|
||
$\curlyeqprec$ & \textbackslash curlyeqprec & $\curlyeqsucc$ & \textbackslash curlyeqsucc &
|
||
$\backsim$ & \textbackslash backsim \\
|
||
$\precsim$ & \textbackslash precsim & $\succsim$ & \textbackslash succsim &
|
||
$\backsimeq$ & \textbackslash backsimeq \\
|
||
$\precapprox$ & \textbackslash precapprox & $\succapprox$ & \textbackslash succapprox &
|
||
$\vDash$ & \textbackslash vDash \\
|
||
$\subseteqq$ & \textbackslash subseteqq & $\supseteqq$ & \textbackslash supseteqq &
|
||
$\Vdash$ & \textbackslash Vdash \\
|
||
$\shortparallel$ & \textbackslash shortparallel & $\Supset$ & \textbackslash Supset &
|
||
$\Vvdash$ & \textbackslash Vvdash \\
|
||
$\blacktriangleleft$ & \textbackslash blacktriangleleft & $\sqsupset$ & \textbackslash sqsupset &
|
||
$\backepsilon$ & \textbackslash backepsilon \\
|
||
$\vartriangleright$ & \textbackslash vartriangleright & $\because$ & \textbackslash because &
|
||
$\varpropto$ & \textbackslash varpropto \\
|
||
$\blacktriangleright$ & \textbackslash blacktriangleright & $\Subset$ & \textbackslash Subset &
|
||
$\between$ & \textbackslash between \\
|
||
$\trianglerighteq$ & \textbackslash trianglerighteq & $\smallfrown$ & \textbackslash smallfrown &
|
||
$\pitchfork$ & \textbackslash pitchfork \\
|
||
$\vartriangleleft$ & \textbackslash vartriangleleft & $\shortmid$ & \textbackslash shortmid &
|
||
$\smallsmile$ & \textbackslash smallsmile \\
|
||
$\trianglelefteq$ & \textbackslash trianglelefteq & $\therefore$ & \textbackslash therefore &
|
||
$\sqsubset$ & \textbackslash sqsubset \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\flushleft
|
||
\LaTeX 还提供了自定义二元关系符的命令 \textbackslash stackrel,用于将一个符号叠加在原有的二元关 系符之上:\par
|
||
\[
|
||
f_n(x) \stackrel{*}{\approx} 1
|
||
\]
|
||
|
||
\newpage
|
||
\appendix
|
||
\section{附录}
|
||
\end{document}
|