1551 lines
87 KiB
TeX
1551 lines
87 KiB
TeX
%TEX program = xelatex
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%表示用xelatex编译文件
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\documentclass[a4paper]{ctexart}
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\usepackage{ulem}
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\usepackage{array}
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\usepackage{tabularx}
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\usepackage{indentfirst}
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\setlength{\parindent}{2em}
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\usepackage{booktabs}
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\usepackage{multirow}
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\usepackage{makecell}
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\usepackage{graphicx}
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\usepackage{subfig}
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\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amssymb,amsthm}
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\usepackage{amsbsy}
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\usepackage{latexsym}
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\usepackage{float}
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\DeclareMathOperator{\argh}{argh}
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\DeclareMathOperator*{\nut}{Nut}
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\usepackage{yhmath}
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\usepackage{eucal,mathrsfs}
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\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
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\usepackage{txfonts}
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\usepackage{fontspec}
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%\setsansfont[BoldFont={Arial Bold}, ItalicFont={Arial Italic}]{Arial}
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\begin{document}
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\title{标题页}
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\author{Ryan\thanks{注脚}%
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\and Fan\thanks{注脚}%
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}
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\date{\today}
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\maketitle
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\abstract
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一般用于紧跟\textbackslash maketitle 命令之后介绍文档的摘要\par
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中文\LaTeX{}排版。
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\section{用\LaTeX 排版文字}
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{}分段\\换行\textbackslash\textbackslash\par
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冒号``please press the `x' key.''\par
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连字符-用来组成复合词，\\%
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短破折号--用来连接数字表示范围，\\%
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长破折号---用来连接单词\par
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省略号\dots{}和\ldots\par
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波浪号～\par
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强调\underline{文字,但是无法换行，}%
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\uline{ulem 宏包解决了这一问题,它提供的 uline 命令能够轻松生成自动换行的下划线。}%
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\emph{emph 命令用来将文字变为斜体以示强调。%
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\emph{如果在本身已经用 emph 命令强调的文字内部嵌套使用 emph 命令,}%
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内部则使用直立体文字。%
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}\par
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在合适的位置插入一个不会断行的空格Fig.~1, Ryan~Fan\par
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断行\\[15pt]可以带可选参数 $\langle length\rangle$,用于在换行处向下增加垂直间距%
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\newline{}或者newline命令，不用带参数\par
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\newpage 断页，在在双栏排版中只起到另起一栏的作用\par
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断词 I think this is: supercalifragil\-isticexpialidocious. %
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And I think this is: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.\par
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\newpage
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\tableofcontents
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\newpage
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\section[目录和页眉页脚]{章节}
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\subsection{子章节}
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\subsubsection{子子章节}
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\paragraph{段落}
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\subparagraph{子段落}
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\section*{标题不带编号}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{标题不带编号}
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\part{分块}
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\section{交叉引用}
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A reference to this subsection\label{sec:this} looks like: %
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``see section~\ref{sec:this} on page~\pageref{sec:this}.''
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\section{脚注和边注}
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“天地玄黄,宇宙洪荒。日月盈昃,辰宿列张。”\footnote{出自《千字文》。}\par
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\begin{tabular}{l}
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\hline
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有些情况下(比如在表格环境、各种盒子\\
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内)使用 footnote 并不能正确生成脚\\
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注。我们以分两步进行,先使用 \\
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footnotemark 为脚注计数,再在合适\\
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的位置用 footnotetext 生成脚注。\footnotemark\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\footnotetext{出自《千字文》。}
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\marginpar{\footnotesize 边注较窄,不要写过多文字,最好设置较小的字号。}
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\section{特殊环境}
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\subsection{列表}
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有序列表
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item An item.
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item A nested item.\label{itref}
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\item[*] A starred item.
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\end{enumerate}
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\item Reference(\ref{itref}).
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\end{enumerate}
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无序列表
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\begin{itemize}
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\item An item.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item A nested item.
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\item[+] A `plus' item. + A ‘plus’ item.
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\item Another item. – Another item.
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\end{itemize}
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\item Go back to upper level.
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\end{itemize}
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关键字环境
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\begin{description}
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\item[Enumerate] Numbered list.
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\item[Itemize] Non-numbered list.
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\end{description}
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重定义无序列表的符号
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\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{\dag}
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\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\ddag}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item First item
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Subitem
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\item Subitem
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\end{itemize}
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\item Second item
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\end{itemize}
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重定义有序列表的符号
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\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}>}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item First item
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\item Second item
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\end{enumerate}
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\subsection{对齐环境}
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center、flushleft 和 flushright 环境分别用于生成%
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居中、左对齐和右对齐的文本环境。
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\begin{center}
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Centered text using a
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\verb|center| environment.
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\end{center}
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\begin{flushleft}
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Left-aligned text using a
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\verb|flushleft| environment.
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\end{flushleft}
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\begin{flushright}
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Right-aligned text using a
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\verb|flushright| environment.
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\end{flushright}
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还可以用以下命令直接改变文字的对齐方式:
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\centering
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Centered text paragraph.\par
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\raggedright
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Left-aligned text paragraph.\par
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\raggedleft
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Right-aligned text paragraph.\par
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\begin{flushleft}
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center 等环境会在上下文产生一个额外间距,%
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而 \textbackslash centering 等命令不产生,只是改变对齐方式。%
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\end{flushleft}
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\raggedright
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比如在浮动体环境 table 或 figure 内实现居中对齐,%
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用 \textbackslash centering 命令即可,没必要再用 center 环境。
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\subsection{引用环境}
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\begin{description}
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\item[quote] 用于引用较短的文字,首行不缩进\\
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Francis Bacon says:
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\begin{quote}
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Knowledge is power.
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\end{quote}
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\item[quotation] 用于引用若干段文字,首行缩进\\
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《木兰诗》:
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\begin{quotation}
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万里赴戎机,关山度若飞。
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朔气传金柝,寒光照铁衣。
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将军百战死,壮士十年归。
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归来见天子,天子坐明堂。
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策勋十二转,赏赐百千强。......
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\end{quotation}
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\end{description}
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\subsection{代码环境}
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\begin{verbatim}
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#include <iostream>
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int main()
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{
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std::cout << "Hello, world!"
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<< std::endl;
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return 0;
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}
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\end{verbatim}
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\begin{verbatim*}
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for (int i=0; i<4; ++i)
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printf("Number %d\n",i);
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\end{verbatim*}
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要排版简短的代码或关键字\textbackslash verb $\langle delim\rangle\langle code\rangle\langle delim\rangle$\par
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$\langle delim\rangle$ 标明代码的分界位置,前后必须一致,除字母、空格或星号外,%
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可任意选择使得不与代码本身冲突,习惯上使用 | 符号。\par
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\verb|\LaTeX| \\
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\verb+(a || b)+ \verb*+(a || b)+
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\subsection{表格}
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\subsubsection{列表格}
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tabular 环境使用 $\langle column-spec\rangle$ 参数指定表格的列数以及每列的格式。\par
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\begin{tabular}{lcr|p{6em}}
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\hline
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left & center & right & par box with fixed width\\
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L & C & R & P\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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@ 格式可在单元格前后插入任意的文本,%
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但同时它也消除了单元格前后额外添加的间距。\par
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\begin{tabular}{@{} r@{:}lr @{}}
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\hline
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1 & 1 & one\\
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11 & 3 & eleven\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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格式参数重复\par
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\begin{tabular}{|*{5}{c|}*{2}{p{3em}|}}
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\hline
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one & two & three & four & five & Hello! \LaTeX & Hello!\\
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1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & hello! & \LaTeX\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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辅助格式 > 和 <,用于给列格式前后加上修饰命令\par
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\begin{tabular}{>{\itshape}r<{*}l}
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%需要使用array宏包
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\hline
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italic & normal \\
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column & column \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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\begin{tabular}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}p{16em}}
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\hline
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辅助格式甚至支持插入 \textbackslash centering 等%
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命令改变 p 列格式的对齐方式,一般还要加额外的命令 %
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\textbackslash arraybackslash 以免出错。\\
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\hline
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\textbackslash centering 等对齐命令会破坏表格环境里 %
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\textbackslash\textbackslash 换行命令的定义,%
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\textbackslash arraybackslash 用来恢复之。%
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如果不加 \textbackslash arraybackslash 命令,%
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也可以用 \textbackslash tabularnewline 命令%
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代替原来的 \textbackslash\textbackslash 实现表格换行。\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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\LaTeX 本身提供了 tabular* 环境用来排版定宽表格,但是不太方便使用,%
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比如要用到 @ 格式插入额外命令,令单元格之间的间距为 \textbackslash fill,%
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但即使这样仍然有瑕疵:\par
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\begin{tabular*}{14em}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}}|c|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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A & B & C & D \\
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\hline
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a & b & c & d \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular*}\par
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tabularx 宏包为我们提供了方便的解决方案。它引入了一个 X 列格式,%
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类似 p 列格式,不过会根据表格宽度自动计算列宽,多个X列格式平均分配列宽。%
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X列格式也可以用 array 里的辅助 格式修饰对齐方式:\par
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\begin{tabularx}{14em}{|*{4}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X|}}
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\hline
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A & B & C & D \\
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\hline
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a & b & c & d \\
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\hline
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\end{tabularx}\par
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\subsubsection{横线}
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\textbackslash cline\{$\langle i-j\rangle$\} 用来绘制跨越部分单元格的横线:\par
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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4 & 9 & 2 \\ \cline{2-3}
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3 & 5 & 7 \\ \cline{1-1}
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8 & 1 & 6 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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三线表由 booktabs 宏包 支持,它提供了 \textbackslash toprule、%
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\textbackslash midrule 和 \textbackslash bottomrule %
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命令用以排版三线表的三条线, 以及和 \textbackslash cline 对应的 %
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\textbackslash cmidrule。除此之外,最好不要用其它横线以及竖线:\par
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\begin{tabular}{cccc}
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\toprule
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& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Numbers} \\
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\cmidrule{2-4}
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& 1 & 2 & 3 \\
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\midrule
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Alphbet & A & B & C \\
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Roman & I & II& III \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{tabular} \par
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\subsubsection{合并单元格}
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横向合并单元格较为容易,由 \textbackslash multicolumn\{$\langle n\rangle$\}\{$\langle column-spec\rangle$\}\{$\langle item\rangle$\} %
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命令实现:\par
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其中 $\langle n\rangle$ 为要合并的列数,$\langle column-spec\rangle$ 为合并单元格后的列格式,只允许出现一个 l/c/r 或 p 格式。%
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如果合并前的单元格前后带表格线 |,合并后的列格式也要带 | 以使得表格的竖线一致。\par
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形如 \textbackslash multicolumn\{1\}\{$\langle column-spec\rangle$\}\{$\langle item\rangle$\} %
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的命令可以用来修改某一个单元格的列格式。\par
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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1 & 2 & Center \\
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\hline
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\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{3} & \multicolumn{1}{r|}{Right} \\
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\hline
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4 & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{C} \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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纵向合并单元格需要用到 multirow 宏包提供的 %
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\textbackslash multirow\{$\langle n\rangle$\}\{$\langle width\rangle$\}\{$\langle item\rangle$\} 命令:\par
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$\langle width\rangle$ 为合并后单元格的宽度,可以填 * 以使用自然宽度。\par
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\begin{tabular}{ccc}
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\hline
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\multirow{2}{*}{Item} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Value} \\
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\cline{2-3}
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& First & Second \\
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\hline
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A & 1 & 2 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\subsubsection{嵌套表格}
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在单元格中嵌套一个小表格可 以起到``拆分单元格''的效果。\par
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注意要用 \textbackslash multicolumn 命令配合 @\{\} %
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格式把单元格的额外边距去掉,使得嵌套的表格线能和外层的表格线正确相连:\par
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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a & b & c \\
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\hline
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a & \multicolumn{1}{@{}c@{}|}
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{\begin{tabular}{c|c}
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e & f \\
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\hline
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e & f \\
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\end{tabular}} & c \\
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\hline
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a & b & c \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}\par
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如果不需要为“拆分的单元格”画线,并且只在垂直方向“拆分”的话,makecell 宏包%
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||
提供 的 \textbackslash makecell 命令是一个简单的解决方案:\par
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||
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
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||
\hline
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a & \makecell{d1 \\ d2} \\
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\hline
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b & c \\
|
||
\hline
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||
\end{tabular}
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\subsubsection{行距控制}
|
||
\LaTeX 生成的表格看起来通常比较紧凑。%
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修改参数 \textbackslash arraystretch 可以得到行距更加宽松 的表格:\par
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\renewcommand\arraystretch{1.8}
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\begin{tabular}{|c|}
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\hline
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||
Really loose \\
|
||
\hline
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||
tabular rows. \\
|
||
\hline
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||
\end{tabular}\par
|
||
另一种增加间距的办法是给换行命令 \textbackslash\textbackslash 添加可选参数,%
|
||
在这一行下面加额外的间距,适合用于在行间不加横线的表格:\par
|
||
\renewcommand\arraystretch{1}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{c}
|
||
\hline
|
||
Head lines \\[6pt]
|
||
tabular lines \\
|
||
tabular lines \\
|
||
\hline
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\subsection{图片}
|
||
\LaTeX 本身不支持插图功能,需要由 graphicx 宏包辅助支持。\par
|
||
使用 \textbackslash includegraphics[$\langle options\rangle$]\{$\langle filename\rangle$\} 命令加载图片了:\par
|
||
其中 $\langle filename\rangle$ 为图片文件名,文件名有时需要使用相对路径或绝对路径。\par
|
||
\textbackslash graphicspath 命令,用于声明一个或多个图片文件存放的目录,%
|
||
使用这些目录里的图片时可不用写路径:\par
|
||
\textbackslash includegraphics 命令的可选参数 $\langle options\rangle$ 支持 %
|
||
$\langle key\rangle$=$\langle value\rangle$ 形式赋值,常用的参数如下:\par
|
||
\begin{tabular}{ll}
|
||
\hline
|
||
参数 & 含义 \\
|
||
\hline
|
||
width=$\langle width\rangle$ & 将图片缩放到宽度为$\langle width\rangle$ \\
|
||
height=$\langle height\rangle$ & 将图片缩放到高度为$\langle height\rangle$ \\
|
||
scale=$\langle scale\rangle$ & 将图片相对于原尺寸缩放$\langle scale\rangle$倍 \\
|
||
angle=$\langle angle\rangle$ & 令图片逆时针旋转$\langle angle\rangle$度 \\
|
||
\hline
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Central_Topic.eps}
|
||
\graphicspath{{/home/ryan/Documents/RYANFAN113/latex_learning/}}
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Central_Topic.eps}
|
||
\subsection{盒子}
|
||
\subsubsection{水平盒子}
|
||
\textbackslash mbox\{\ldots \}\par
|
||
\textbackslash makebox$[\langle width\rangle][\langle align\rangle]\{\ldots \}$\par
|
||
\textbackslash mbox 生成一个基本的水平盒子,内容只有一行,不允许分段(除非嵌套其它盒子)
|
||
\textbackslash makebox 更进一步,可以加上可选参数用于控制盒子的宽度 $\langle width\rangle$,%
|
||
以及内容的对齐方式$\langle align\rangle$,可选居中 c(默认值) 、左对齐 l、右对齐 r 和分散对齐 s\par
|
||
|\mbox{Test some words.}|\\
|
||
|\makebox[10em]{Test some words.}|\\
|
||
|\makebox[10em][l]{Test some words.}|\\
|
||
|\makebox[10em][r]{Test some words.}|\\
|
||
|\makebox[10em][s]{Test some words.}|\par
|
||
\subsubsection{带框的水平盒子}
|
||
\textbackslash fbox 和 \textbackslash framebox 让我们可以为水平盒子添加边框。\par
|
||
\fbox{Test some words.}\\
|
||
\framebox[10em][r]{Test some words.}\par
|
||
可以通过 \textbackslash setlength 命令调节边框的宽度 \textbackslash fboxrule %
|
||
和内边距 \textbackslash fboxsep:\par
|
||
\framebox[10em][r]{Test box.}\\
|
||
\setlength{\fboxrule}{1.6pt}
|
||
\setlength{\fboxsep}{1em}
|
||
\framebox[10em][r]{Test box.}\par
|
||
\subsubsection{垂直盒子}
|
||
排版一个文字可以换行的盒子:\par
|
||
\textbackslash parbox$[\langle align\rangle][\langle height\rangle][\langle inner-align\rangle]\{\langle width\rangle\}\{\ldots \}$
|
||
\textbackslash begin\{minipage\}$[\langle align\rangle][\langle height\rangle][\langle inner-align\rangle]\{\langle width\rangle\}$\\
|
||
\ldots\\
|
||
\textbackslash end\{minipage\}\par
|
||
其中 $[\langle align\rangle]$ 为盒子和周围文字的对齐情况(类似 tabular 环境); %
|
||
$\langle height\rangle$ 和 $\langle inner-align\rangle$设置盒子的高度和内容的对齐方式,%
|
||
类似水平盒子 \textbackslash makebox 的设置,不过 $\langle inner-align\rangle$ 接受的%
|
||
参数是顶部 t、底部 b、居中 c 和分散对齐 s。\par
|
||
三字经：\parbox[t]{3em}{人之初 性本善 性相近 习相远}
|
||
\quad
|
||
千字文：
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][8ex][t]{4em}
|
||
天地玄黄 宇宙洪荒
|
||
\end{minipage}\par
|
||
如果在 minipage 里使用 \textbackslash footnote 命令,生成的脚注会出现在盒子底部,编号是独立的, %
|
||
并且使用小写字母编号。而在 \textbackslash parbox 里无法正常使用 \textbackslash footnote 命令,%
|
||
只能在盒子里使用\textbackslash footnotemark,在盒子外使用\textbackslash footnotetext。\par
|
||
\fbox{这是一个垂直盒子的测试。\footnotemark}
|
||
\footnotetext{注脚来自fbox}
|
||
\fbox{\begin{minipage}{15em}%
|
||
这是一个垂直盒子的测试。
|
||
\footnote{注脚来自minipage.}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
}\par
|
||
\subsubsection{标尺盒子}
|
||
\textbackslash rule $[\langle raise\rangle]\{\langle width\rangle\}\{\langle height\rangle\}$%
|
||
命令用来画一个实心的矩形盒子,也可适当调整以用来画线(标尺):\par
|
||
Black \rule{12pt}{4pt} box.\\
|
||
Upper \rule[4pt]{6pt}{8pt} and lower \rule[-4pt]{6pt}{8pt} box.\\
|
||
A \rule[-.4pt]{6pt}{.4pt} line.\par
|
||
\subsection{浮动体}
|
||
\LaTeX 预定义了两类浮动体环境 figure 和 table。习惯上 figure 里放图片,table 里放表格,但并没有严格限制,%
|
||
可以在任何一个浮动体里放置文字、公式、表格、图片等等任意内容。\par
|
||
\textbackslash begin\{table\}$[\langle placement\rangle]$\\
|
||
\ldots\\
|
||
\textbackslash end\{table\}\par
|
||
$[\langle placement\rangle]$ 参数提供了一些符号用来表示浮动体允许排版的位置,%
|
||
如 hbp 允许浮动体排版在当前位置、底部或者单独成页。table 和 figure 浮动体的默认设置为 tbp。\par
|
||
双栏排版环境下,\LaTeX 提供了 table* 和 figure* 环境用来排版跨栏的浮动体。它们的用%
|
||
法与 table 和 figure 一样,不同之处为双栏的 $[\langle placement\rangle]$ 参数只能用 tp 两个位置。\par
|
||
\begin{tabular}{ll}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
参数 & 含义\\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
h & 当前位置(代码所处的上下文)\\
|
||
t & 顶部\\
|
||
b & 底部\\
|
||
p & 单独成页\\
|
||
! & 在决定位置时忽视限制\\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}\par
|
||
\textbackslash clearpage 命令 会在另起一页之前,先将所有推迟处理的浮动体排版成页,%
|
||
此时 htbp 等位置限制被完全忽略。\par
|
||
float 宏包为浮动体提供了 H 位置参数,不与 htbp 及 ! 混用。使用 H 位置参数时,%
|
||
会取消浮 动机制,将浮动体视为一般的盒子插入当前位置。\par
|
||
\subsubsection{浮动体的标题}
|
||
图表等浮动体提供了 \textbackslash caption\{\ldots\} 命令加标题,并且自动给浮动体编号:\par
|
||
可以用带星号的命令 \textbackslash caption* 生成不带编号 的标题,%
|
||
也可以使用带可选参数的形式 \textbackslash caption[\ldots]\{\ldots\},
|
||
使得在目录里使用短标题。\textbackslash caption 命令之后还可以紧跟 %
|
||
\textbackslash label 命令标记交叉引用。\par
|
||
可通过修改 \textbackslash figurename 和 \textbackslash tablename %
|
||
的内容来修改标题的前缀。标题样式的 定制功能由 caption 宏包提供.\par
|
||
table 和 figure 两种浮动体分别有各自的生成目录的命令:\\
|
||
\textbackslash listoftables\\
|
||
\textbackslash listoffigures\par
|
||
\subsubsection{并排和子图表}
|
||
\begin{figure}[htbp]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.125]{Central_Topic.eps}
|
||
\qquad
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.125]{Central_Topic.eps}\\
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Central_Topic.eps}
|
||
\caption{图片标题}
|
||
\label{}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
由于标题是横跨一行的,用 \textbackslash caption 命令为每个图片单独生成标题%
|
||
就需要借助前文提到的\textbackslash parbox 或者 minipage 环境,将标题限制在盒子内。\par
|
||
\begin{figure}[htbp]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][120pt][t]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Central_Topic.eps}
|
||
\caption{并排图1}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
\qquad
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][120pt][t]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Central_Topic.eps}
|
||
\caption{并排图2}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
给每个图片定义小标题时,就要用到 subfig 宏包的功能
|
||
\begin{figure}[htbp]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\subfloat[]{%
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][100pt][t]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Central_Topic.eps}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
}
|
||
\qquad
|
||
\subfloat[]{%
|
||
\begin{minipage}[b][100pt][t]{0.45\linewidth}
|
||
\centering
|
||
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Central_Topic.eps}
|
||
\end{minipage}
|
||
}
|
||
\caption{使用 subfig 宏包的 \textbackslash subfloat 命令排版子图。}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
\section{数学公式}
|
||
amsmath 宏 包,对多行公式的排版提供了有力的支持,%
|
||
amsfonts 宏包以及基于它的 amssymb 宏包提 供了丰富的数学符号,%
|
||
amsthm 宏包扩展了 \LaTeX 定理证明格式。\par
|
||
\subsection{公式排版基础}
|
||
\subsubsection{行内和行间公式}
|
||
行内公式由一对 \$ 符号包裹:\\
|
||
The Pythagorean theorem is %
|
||
$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$.\par
|
||
行间公式在 \LaTeX 里由 equation 环境包裹,equation 环境为公式自动生成一 个编号,%
|
||
这个编号可以用 \textbackslash label 和 \textbackslash ref 生成交叉引用。\par
|
||
amsmath 的 \textbackslash eqref 命令甚至为引用 自动加上圆括号;%
|
||
还可以用 \textbackslash tag 命令手动修改公式的编号,%
|
||
或者用 \textbackslash notag 命令取消为公式编 号。\par
|
||
The Pythagorean theorem is:
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \label{pythagorean}
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
Equation \eqref{pythagorean} is called `Gougu theorem' in Chinese.\par
|
||
It's wrong to say
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
1 + 1 = 3 \tag{dumb}
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
or
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
1 + 1 = 4 \notag
|
||
\end{equation}\par
|
||
直接使用不带编号的行间公式:
|
||
\begin{equation*}
|
||
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
|
||
\end{equation*}
|
||
For short:
|
||
\[a^2 + b^2 = c^2\]
|
||
Or if you like the long one:
|
||
\begin{displaymath}
|
||
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
|
||
\end{displaymath}
|
||
行内公式和行间公式的对比:\\
|
||
In text:
|
||
$\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$\\
|
||
In display:
|
||
\[\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}\]
|
||
\subsection{数学模式}
|
||
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\arabic{enumi}.}
|
||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||
\item 数学模式中输入的空格被忽略。
|
||
\item 不允许有空行(分段)。
|
||
\item 所有的字母被当作数学公式中的变量处理,想在数学公式中输入正体的文本,%
|
||
可以用\textbackslash mathrm 或者 amsmath 提供的 \textbackslash text 命令。
|
||
\end{enumerate}
|
||
$x^2 \geq 0 \qquad
|
||
\text{for \textbf{all} } x \in \mathbb{R}$
|
||
\subsection{数学符号}
|
||
\subsubsection{一般符号}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{文本/数学模式通用符号}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclclcl}
|
||
\hline
|
||
\{ & \textbackslash\{ & \} & \textbackslash\} & \$ & \textbackslash\$ & \% & \textbackslash\% \\
|
||
\dag & \textbackslash dag & \S & \textbackslash S & \copyright & \textbackslash copyright & \dots & \textbackslash dots \\
|
||
\ddag & \textbackslash ddag & \P & \textbackslash P & \pounds & \textbackslash pounds & \S & \textbackslash S \\
|
||
\textasteriskcentered & \textbackslash textasteriskcentered &
|
||
\textperiodcentered & \textbackslash textperiodcentered &
|
||
\textbullet & \textbackslash textbullet \\
|
||
\textregistered{} & \textbackslash textregistered{} &
|
||
\texttrademark & \textbackslash texttrademark \\
|
||
\hline
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{希腊字母}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$\alpha$ & \textbackslash alpha & $\theta$ & \textbackslash theta &
|
||
$o$ & o & $\upsilon$ & \textbackslash upsilon \\
|
||
$\beta$ & \textbackslash beta & $\vartheta$ & \textbackslash vartheta &
|
||
$\pi$ & \textbackslash pi & $\phi$ & \textbackslash phi \\
|
||
$\gamma$ & \textbackslash gamma & $\iota$ & \textbackslash iota &
|
||
$\varpi$ & \textbackslash varpi & $\varphi$ & \textbackslash varphi \\
|
||
$\delta$ & \textbackslash delta & $\kappa$ & \textbackslash kappa &
|
||
$\rho$ & \textbackslash rho & $\chi$ & \textbackslash chi \\
|
||
$\epsilon$ & \textbackslash epsilon & $\lambda$ & \textbackslash lambda &
|
||
$\varrho$ & \textbackslash varrho & $\psi$ & \textbackslash psi \\
|
||
$\varepsilon$ & \textbackslash varepsilon & $\mu$ & \textbackslash mu &
|
||
$\sigma$ & \textbackslash sigma & $\omega$ & \textbackslash omega \\
|
||
$\zeta$ & \textbackslash zeta & $\nu$ & \textbackslash nu &
|
||
$\varsigma$ & \textbackslash varsigma \\
|
||
$\eta$ & \textbackslash eta & $\xi$ & \textbackslash xi &
|
||
$\tau$ & \textbackslash tau \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
$\Gamma$ & \textbackslash Gamma & $\Lambda$ & \textbackslash Lambda &
|
||
$\Sigma$ & \textbackslash Sigma & $\Psi$ & \textbackslash Psi \\
|
||
$\Delta$ & \textbackslash Delta & $\Xi$ & \textbackslash Xi &
|
||
$\Upsilon$ & \textbackslash Upsilon & $\Omega$ & \textbackslash Omega \\
|
||
$\Theta$ & \textbackslash Theta & $\Pi$ & \textbackslash Pi &
|
||
$\Phi$ & \textbackslash Phi \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{以下命令依赖 amsmath 宏包}\\
|
||
$\varGamma$ & \textbackslash varGamma & $\varLambda$ & \textbackslash varLambda &
|
||
$\varSigma$ & \textbackslash varSigma & $\varPsi$ & \textbackslash varPsi \\
|
||
$\varDelta$ & \textbackslash varDelta & $\varXi$ & \textbackslash varXi &
|
||
$\varUpsilon$ & \textbackslash varUpsilon & $\varOmega$ & \textbackslash varOmega \\
|
||
$\varTheta$ & \textbackslash varTheta & $\varPi$ & \textbackslash varPi &
|
||
$\varPhi$ & \textbackslash varPhi \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{依赖 amssymb 宏包}\\
|
||
$\digamma$ & \textbackslash digamma & $\varkappa$ & \textbackslash varkappa &
|
||
$\beth$ & \textbackslash beth & $\gimel$ & \textbackslash gimel \\
|
||
$\daleth$ & \textbackslash daleth \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{其它符号}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$\dots$ & \textbackslash dots & $\cdots$ & \textbackslash cdots &
|
||
$\vdots$ & \textbackslash vdots & $\ddots$ & \textbackslash ddots \\
|
||
$\hbar$ & \textbackslash hbar & $\imath$ & \textbackslash imath &
|
||
$\jmath$ & \textbackslash jmath & $\ell$ & \textbackslash ell \\
|
||
$\Re$ & \textbackslash Re & $\Im$ & \textbackslash Im &
|
||
$\aleph$ & \textbackslash aleph & $\wp$ & \textbackslash wp \\
|
||
$\forall$ & \textbackslash forall & $\exists$ & \textbackslash exists &
|
||
$\partial$ & \textbackslash partial & $'$ & ' \\
|
||
$\prime$ & \textbackslash prime & $\emptyset$ & \textbackslash emptyset &
|
||
$\infty$ & \textbackslash infty & $\nabla$ & \textbackslash nabla \\
|
||
$\triangle$ & \textbackslash triangle & $\bot$ & \textbackslash bot &
|
||
$\top$ & \textbackslash top & $\angle$ & \textbackslash angle \\
|
||
$\surd$ & \textbackslash surd & $\diamondsuit$ & \textbackslash diamondsuit &
|
||
$\heartsuit$ & \textbackslash heartsuit & $\clubsuit$ & \textbackslash clubsuit \\
|
||
$\spadesuit$ & \textbackslash spadesuit & $\neg$ & \textbackslash neg or \textbackslash lnot &
|
||
$\flat$ & \textbackslash flat & $\natural$ & \textbackslash natural \\
|
||
$\sharp$ & \textbackslash sharp \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{3}{l}{以下命令依赖 latexsym 宏包}\\
|
||
$\mho$ & \textbackslash mho & $\Box$ & \textbackslash Box &
|
||
$\Diamond$ & \textbackslash Diamond \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
$a_1,a_2,\dots,a_n$\\
|
||
$a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_n$\par
|
||
\subsubsection{指数、上下标和导数}
|
||
\textasciicircum 和 \_ 标明上下标。%
|
||
注意上下标的内容(子公式)一般需要用花括号包裹，否 则上下标只对后面的一个符号起作用:\par
|
||
$p^3_{ij} \qquad
|
||
m_\mathrm{Kunth} \qquad
|
||
\sum_{k=1}^3 k$\\
|
||
$a^x +y \neq a^{x+y} \qquad
|
||
e^{x^2} \neq {e^x}^2$ \par
|
||
导数符号$'$ 是一类特殊的上标,可以适当连用表示多阶导数,也可以在其后连用上标:\par
|
||
$f(x) = x^2 \quad
|
||
f'(x) = 2x \quad
|
||
f''^{2}(x) = 4$ \par
|
||
\subsubsection{分式和根式}
|
||
分式使用 \textbackslash frac\{分子\}\{分母\} 来书写。%
|
||
分式的大小在行间公式中是正常大小,而在行内被 极度压缩。%
|
||
amsmath 提供了方便的命令 \textbackslash dfrac 和 \textbackslash tfrac,%
|
||
令用户能够在行内使用正常大小的 分式，或是反过来。\par
|
||
In display style:
|
||
\[
|
||
3/8 \qquad
|
||
\frac{3}{8} \qquad
|
||
\tfrac{3}{8}
|
||
\]
|
||
In text style:
|
||
$1\frac{1}{2}$~hours \qquad
|
||
$1\dfrac{1}{2}$~hours\par
|
||
一般的根式使用 \textbackslash sqrt\{\dots\};%
|
||
表示 n 次方根时写成 \textbackslash sqrt[n]\{\dots\}。\par
|
||
$\sqrt{x} \Leftrightarrow x^{1/2} \quad
|
||
\sqrt[3]{2} \quad
|
||
\sqrt{x^{2} + \sqrt{y}}$ \par
|
||
特殊的分式形式,如二项式结构,由 amsmath 宏包的 \textbackslash binom 命令生成:\par
|
||
Pascal's rule is
|
||
\[
|
||
\binom{n}{k} = \binom{n - 1}{k} + \binom{n - 1}{k}
|
||
\]
|
||
\subsubsection{关系符}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{二元关系符}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$<$ & < & $>$ & > &
|
||
$=$ & = \\
|
||
$\equiv$ & \textbackslash equiv & $\leq$ & \textbackslash leq or \textbackslash le &
|
||
$\geq$ & \textbackslash geq or \textbackslash ge \\
|
||
$\ll$ & \textbackslash ll & $\gg$ & \textbackslash gg &
|
||
$\doteq$ & \textbackslash doteq \\
|
||
$\prec$ & \textbackslash prec & $\succ$ & \textbackslash succ &
|
||
$\sim$ & \textbackslash sim \\
|
||
$\preceq$ & \textbackslash preceq & $\succeq$ & \textbackslash succeq &
|
||
$\simeq$ & \textbackslash simeq \\
|
||
$\subset$ & \textbackslash subset & $\supset$ & \textbackslash supset &
|
||
$\approx$ & \textbackslash approx \\
|
||
$\subseteq$ & \textbackslash subseteq & $\supseteq$ & \textbackslash supseteq &
|
||
$\cong$ & \textbackslash cong \\
|
||
$\sqsubseteq$ & \textbackslash sqsubseteq & $\sqsupseteq$ & \textbackslash sqsupseteq &
|
||
$\bowtie$ & \textbackslash bowtie \\
|
||
$\in$ & \textbackslash in & $\ni$ & \textbackslash ni ,\textbackslash owns &
|
||
$\propto$ & \textbackslash propto \\
|
||
$\vdash$ & \textbackslash vdash & $\dashv$ & \textbackslash dashv &
|
||
$\models$ & \textbackslash models \\
|
||
$\mid$ & \textbackslash mid & $\parallel$ & \textbackslash parallel &
|
||
$\perp$ & \textbackslash perp \\
|
||
$\smile$ & \textbackslash smile & $\frown$ & \textbackslash frown &
|
||
$\asymp$ & \textbackslash asymp \\
|
||
$:$ & : & $\notin$ & \textbackslash notin &
|
||
$\neq$ & \textbackslash neq or \textbackslash ne \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{3}{l}{以下命令依赖 latexsym 宏包}\\
|
||
$\sqsubset$ & \textbackslash sqsubset & $\sqsupset$ & \textbackslash sqsupset &
|
||
$\Join$ & \textbackslash Join \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{3}{l}{以下命令依赖 amssymb 宏包}\\
|
||
$\lessdot$ & \textbackslash lessdot & $\gtrdot$ & \textbackslash gtrdot &
|
||
$\doteqdot$ & \textbackslash doteqdot \\
|
||
$\leqslant$ & \textbackslash leqslant & $\geqslant$ & \textbackslash geqslant &
|
||
$\risingdotseq$ & \textbackslash risingdotseq \\
|
||
$\eqslantless$ & \textbackslash eqslantless & $\eqslantgtr$ & \textbackslash eqslantgtr &
|
||
$\fallingdotseq$ & \textbackslash fallingdotseq \\
|
||
$\leqq$ & \textbackslash leqq & $\geqq$ & \textbackslash geqq &
|
||
$\eqcirc$ & \textbackslash eqcirc \\
|
||
$\circeq$ & \textbackslash circeq & $\ggg$ & \textbackslash ggg &
|
||
$\lll$ & \textbackslash lll or \textbackslash llless \\
|
||
$\lesssim$ & \textbackslash lesssim & $\gtrsim$ & \textbackslash gtrsim &
|
||
$\triangleq$ & \textbackslash triangle \\
|
||
$\lessapprox$ & \textbackslash lessapprox & $\gtrapprox$ & \textbackslash gtrapprox &
|
||
$\bumpeq$ & \textbackslash bumpeq \\
|
||
$\lessgtr$ & \textbackslash lessgtr & $\gtrless$ & \textbackslash gtrless &
|
||
$\Bumpeq$ & \textbackslash Bumpeq \\
|
||
$\lesseqgtr$ & \textbackslash lesseqgtr & $\gtreqless$ & \textbackslash gtreqless &
|
||
$\thicksim$ & \textbackslash thicksim \\
|
||
$\lesseqqgtr$ & \textbackslash lesseqqgtr & $\gtreqqless$ & \textbackslash gtreqqless &
|
||
$\thickapprox$ & \textbackslash thickapprox \\
|
||
$\preccurlyeq$ & \textbackslash preccurlyeq & $\succcurlyeq$ & \textbackslash succcurlyeq &
|
||
$\approxeq$ & \textbackslash approxeq \\
|
||
$\curlyeqprec$ & \textbackslash curlyeqprec & $\curlyeqsucc$ & \textbackslash curlyeqsucc &
|
||
$\backsim$ & \textbackslash backsim \\
|
||
$\precsim$ & \textbackslash precsim & $\succsim$ & \textbackslash succsim &
|
||
$\backsimeq$ & \textbackslash backsimeq \\
|
||
$\precapprox$ & \textbackslash precapprox & $\succapprox$ & \textbackslash succapprox &
|
||
$\vDash$ & \textbackslash vDash \\
|
||
$\subseteqq$ & \textbackslash subseteqq & $\supseteqq$ & \textbackslash supseteqq &
|
||
$\Vdash$ & \textbackslash Vdash \\
|
||
$\shortparallel$ & \textbackslash shortparallel & $\Supset$ & \textbackslash Supset &
|
||
$\Vvdash$ & \textbackslash Vvdash \\
|
||
$\blacktriangleleft$ & \textbackslash blacktriangleleft & $\sqsupset$ & \textbackslash sqsupset &
|
||
$\backepsilon$ & \textbackslash backepsilon \\
|
||
$\vartriangleright$ & \textbackslash vartriangleright & $\because$ & \textbackslash because &
|
||
$\varpropto$ & \textbackslash varpropto \\
|
||
$\blacktriangleright$ & \textbackslash blacktriangleright & $\Subset$ & \textbackslash Subset &
|
||
$\between$ & \textbackslash between \\
|
||
$\trianglerighteq$ & \textbackslash trianglerighteq & $\smallfrown$ & \textbackslash smallfrown &
|
||
$\pitchfork$ & \textbackslash pitchfork \\
|
||
$\vartriangleleft$ & \textbackslash vartriangleleft & $\shortmid$ & \textbackslash shortmid &
|
||
$\smallsmile$ & \textbackslash smallsmile \\
|
||
$\trianglelefteq$ & \textbackslash trianglelefteq & $\therefore$ & \textbackslash therefore &
|
||
$\sqsubset$ & \textbackslash sqsubset \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\LaTeX 还提供了自定义二元关系符的命令 \textbackslash stackrel,用于将一个符号叠加在原有的二元关 系符之上:\par
|
||
\[
|
||
f_n(x) \stackrel{*}{\approx} 1
|
||
\]
|
||
\subsubsection{算符}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{二元运算符}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$+$ & + &$-$ & - &
|
||
$\pm$ & \textbackslash pm \\
|
||
$\mp$ & \textbackslash mp & $\triangleleft$ & \textbackslash triangleleft &
|
||
$\cdot$ & \textbackslash cdot \\
|
||
$\div$ & \textbackslash div & $\triangleright$ & \textbackslash triangleright &
|
||
$\times$ & \textbackslash times \\
|
||
$\setminus$ & \textbackslash setminus & $\star$ & \textbackslash star &
|
||
$\cup$ & \textbackslash cup \\
|
||
$\cap$ & \textbackslash cap & $\ast$ & \textbackslash ast &
|
||
$\sqcup$ & \textbackslash sqcup \\
|
||
$\sqcap$ & \textbackslash sqcap & $\circ$ & \textbackslash circ &
|
||
$\vee$ & \textbackslash vee \\
|
||
$\lor$ & \textbackslash lor & $\wedge$ & \textbackslash wedge &
|
||
$\land$ & \textbackslash land \\
|
||
$\bullet$ & \textbackslash bullet & $\oplus$ & \textbackslash oplus &
|
||
$\ominus$ & \textbackslash ominus \\
|
||
$\diamond$ & \textbackslash diamond & $\odot$ & \textbackslash odot &
|
||
$\oslash$ & \textbackslash oslash \\
|
||
$\uplus$ & \textbackslash uplus & $\otimes$ & \textbackslash otimes &
|
||
$\bigcirc$ & \textbackslash bigcirc \\
|
||
$\amalg$ & \textbackslash amalg & $\bigtriangleup$ & \textbackslash bigtriangleup &
|
||
$\bigtriangledown$ & \textbackslash bigtriangledown \\
|
||
$\dagger$ & \textbackslash dagger & $\ddagger$ & \textbackslash ddagger &
|
||
$\wr$ & \textbackslash wr \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{3}{l}{以下命令依赖 latexsym 宏包} \\
|
||
$\lhd$ & \textbackslash lhd & $\rhd$ & \textbackslash rhd \\
|
||
$\unlhd$ & \textbackslash unlhd & $\unrhd$ & \textbackslash unrhd \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{3}{l}{以下命令依赖 amssymb 宏包} \\
|
||
$\dotplus$ & \textbackslash dotplus & $\centerdot$ & \textbackslash centerdot \\
|
||
$\ltimes$ & \textbackslash ltimes & $\rtimes$ & \textbackslash rtimes &
|
||
$\divideontimes$ & \textbackslash divideontimes \\
|
||
$\doublecup$ & \textbackslash doublecup & $\doublecap$ & \textbackslash doublecap &
|
||
$\smallsetminus$ & \textbackslash smallsetminus \\
|
||
$\veebar$ & \textbackslash veebar & $\barwedge$ & \textbackslash barwedge &
|
||
$\doublebarwedge$ & \textbackslash doublebarwedge \\
|
||
$\boxplus$ & \textbackslash boxplus & $\boxminus$ & \textbackslash boxminus &
|
||
$\circleddash$ & \textbackslash circleddash \\
|
||
$\boxtimes$ & \textbackslash boxtimes & $\boxdot$ & \textbackslash boxdot &
|
||
$\circledcirc$ & \textbackslash circledcirc \\
|
||
$\intercal$ & \textbackslash intercal & $\circledast$ & \textbackslash circledast &
|
||
$\rightthreetimes$ & \textbackslash rightthreetimes \\
|
||
$\curlyvee$ & \textbackslash curlyvee & $\curlywedge$ & \textbackslash curlywedge &
|
||
$\leftthreetimes$ & \textbackslash listoffigures \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{\LaTeX 作为算符的函数名称}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
\multicolumn{8}{l}{不带上下限的算符}\\
|
||
$\sin$ & \textbackslash sin & $\arcsin$ & \textbackslash arcsin &
|
||
$\sinh$ & \textbackslash sinh & $\exp$ & \textbackslash exp \\
|
||
$\dim$ & \textbackslash dim & $\cos$ & \textbackslash cos &
|
||
$\arccos$ & \textbackslash arccos &$\cosh$ & \textbackslash cosh \\
|
||
$\log$ & \textbackslash log & $\ker$ & \textbackslash ker &
|
||
$\tan$ & \textbackslash tan & $\arctan$ & \textbackslash arctan \\
|
||
$\tanh$ & \textbackslash tanh & $\lg$ & \textbackslash lg &
|
||
$\hom$ & \textbackslash hom & $\cot$ & \textbackslash cot \\
|
||
$\arg$ & \textbackslash arg & $\coth$ & \textbackslash coth &
|
||
$\ln$ & \textbackslash ln & $\deg$ & \textbackslash deg \\
|
||
$\sec$ & \textbackslash sec & $\csc$ & \textbackslash csc \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{8}{l}{带上下限的算符}\\
|
||
$\lim$ & \textbackslash lim & $\limsup$ & \textbackslash limsup &
|
||
$\liminf$ & \textbackslash liminf & $\sup$ & \textbackslash sup \\
|
||
$\inf$ & \textbackslash inf & $\min$ & \textbackslash min &
|
||
$\max$ & \textbackslash max & $\det$ & \textbackslash det \\
|
||
$\Pr$ & \textbackslash Pr & $\gcd$ & \textbackslash gcd \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\[
|
||
\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin x}{s} = 1
|
||
\]
|
||
对于求模表达式,\LaTeX 提供了 \textbackslash pmod 和 \textbackslash bmod 命令:\par
|
||
\[
|
||
a \bmod b \qquad
|
||
x \equiv a \pmod{b}
|
||
\]
|
||
amsmath 允许用户在\emph{导言区}用 \textbackslash DeclareMathOperator 在定义自己 的算符,%
|
||
其中带星号的命令定义带上下限的算符:\\
|
||
\[ \argh 3 = \nut_{x = 1} 4x \]
|
||
\subsubsection{巨算符}
|
||
In text:
|
||
$
|
||
\sum_{i=1}^n \quad
|
||
\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad
|
||
\oint_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad
|
||
\prod_{\epsilon}
|
||
$\\
|
||
In display:
|
||
\[
|
||
\sum_{i=1}^n \quad
|
||
\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\quad
|
||
\oint_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad
|
||
\prod_{\epsilon}
|
||
\]\par
|
||
巨算符的上下标位置可由 \textbackslash limits 和 \textbackslash nolimits 控制\par
|
||
In text:
|
||
$
|
||
\sum\limits_{i=1}^n \quad
|
||
\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad
|
||
\oint\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad
|
||
\prod\limits_{\epsilon}
|
||
$\\
|
||
In display:
|
||
\[
|
||
\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n \quad
|
||
\int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad
|
||
\oint\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad
|
||
\prod\nolimits_{\epsilon}
|
||
\]\par
|
||
amsmath 宏包还提供了 \textbackslash substack,能够在下限位置书写多行表达式:
|
||
\[
|
||
\sum_{\substack{0\le i\le n\\
|
||
j\in\mathbb{R}}} P(i,j) = Q(n)
|
||
\]
|
||
subarray 环境更进 一步,令多行表达式可选择居中 (c) 或左对齐 (l):
|
||
\[
|
||
\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}
|
||
0\le i\le n\\
|
||
j\in\mathbb{R}
|
||
\end{subarray}} P(i,j) =
|
||
Q(n)
|
||
\]
|
||
\subsubsection{数学重音和上下括号}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{数学重音符号}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$\hat{a}$ & \textbackslash hat\{a\} & $\check{a}$ & \textbackslash check\{a\} &
|
||
$\tilde{a}$ & \textbackslash tilde\{a\} \\
|
||
$\acute{a}$ & \textbackslash acute\{a\} & $\grave{a}$ & \textbackslash grave\{a\} &
|
||
$\breve{a}$ & \textbackslash breve\{a\} \\
|
||
$\bar{a}$ & \textbackslash bar\{a\} & $\vec{a}$ & \textbackslash vec\{a\} &
|
||
$\mathring{a}$ & \textbackslash mathring\{a\} \\
|
||
$\dot{a}$ & \textbackslash dot\{a\} & $\ddot{a}$ & \textbackslash ddot\{a\} \\
|
||
$\widehat{AAA}$ & \textbackslash widehat\{AAA\} & $\widetilde{AAA}$ & \textbackslash widetilde\{AAA\} \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{6}{l}{以下命令依赖 amsmath 宏包}\\
|
||
$\dddot{a}$ & \textbackslash dddot\{a\} & $\ddddot{a}$ & \textbackslash ddddot\{a\} \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{6}{l}{以下命令依赖 yhmath 宏包}\\
|
||
$\wideparen{AAA}$ & \textbackslash wideparen\{AAA\} \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
使用时要注意 重音符号的作用区域,一般应当对某个符号而不是``符号加下标''使用重音:
|
||
\[\bar{x_0} \quad \bar{x}_0 \]
|
||
\[\vec{x_0} \quad \vec{x}_0 \]
|
||
\[\hat{\mathbf{e}_x} \quad \hat{\mathbf{e}}_x \]
|
||
\LaTeX 也能为多个字符加重音,包括直接画线的 \textbackslash overline 和 %
|
||
\textbackslash underline 命令(可叠加使 用)、宽重音符号 \textbackslash widehat、%
|
||
表示向量的箭头 \textbackslash overrightarrow 等。\par
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{作为重音的箭头符号}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$\overrightarrow{AB}$ & \textbackslash overrightarrow\{AB\} &
|
||
$\overleftarrow{AB}$ & \textbackslash overleftarrow\{AB\} \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{以下命令依赖 amsmath 宏包}\\
|
||
$\underleftarrow{AB}$ & \textbackslash underleftarrow\{AB\} &
|
||
$\underrightarrow{AB}$ & \textbackslash underrightarrow\{AB\} \\
|
||
$\overleftrightarrow{AB}$ & \textbackslash overleftrightarrow\{AB\} &
|
||
$\underleftrightarrow{AB}$ & \textbackslash underleftrightarrow\{AB\} \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\[0.\overline{3} = \underline{\underline{1/3}} \]
|
||
\[\hat{XY} \qquad \widehat{XY} \]
|
||
\[\vec{AB} \qquad \overrightarrow{AB} \]
|
||
\textbackslash overbrace 和 \textbackslash underbrace 命令用来生成上/下括号,各自可带一个上/下标公式:
|
||
\[
|
||
\underbrace{\overbrace{a + b + c}^6 \cdot
|
||
\overbrace{d + e + f}^7
|
||
}_\text{meaning of life} =
|
||
42
|
||
\]
|
||
\subsubsection{箭头}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{箭头}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clcl}
|
||
$\leftarrow$ & \textbackslash leftarrow or \textbackslash gets & $\longleftarrow$ & \textbackslash longleftarrow \\
|
||
$\rightarrow$ & \textbackslash rightarrow or \textbackslash to & $\longrightarrow$ & \textbackslash longrightarrow \\
|
||
$\leftrightarrow$ & \textbackslash leftrightarrow & $\longleftrightarrow$ & \textbackslash longleftrightarrow \\
|
||
$\Leftarrow$ & \textbackslash Leftarrow & $\Longleftarrow$ & \textbackslash Longleftarrow \\
|
||
$\Rightarrow$ & \textbackslash Rightarrow & $\Longrightarrow$ & \textbackslash Longrightarrow \\
|
||
$\Leftrightarrow$ & \textbackslash Leftrightarrow & $\Longleftrightarrow$ & \textbackslash Longleftrightarrow \\
|
||
$\mapsto$ & \textbackslash mapsto & $\longmapsto$ & \textbackslash longmapsto \\
|
||
$\hookleftarrow$ & \textbackslash hookleftarrow & $\hookrightarrow$ & \textbackslash hookrightarrow \\
|
||
$\leftharpoonup$ & \textbackslash leftharpoonup & $\rightharpoonup$ & \textbackslash rightharpoonup \\
|
||
$\leftharpoondown$ & \textbackslash leftharpoondown & $\rightharpoondown$ & \textbackslash rightharpoondown \\
|
||
$\rightleftharpoons$ & \textbackslash rightleftharpoons & $\iff$ & \textbackslash iff \\
|
||
$\uparrow$ & \textbackslash uparrow & $\downarrow$ & \textbackslash downarrow \\
|
||
$\updownarrow$ & \textbackslash updownarrow & $\Uparrow$ & \textbackslash Uparrow \\
|
||
$\Downarrow$ & \textbackslash Downarrow & $\Updownarrow$ & \textbackslash Updownarrow \\
|
||
$\nearrow$ & \textbackslash nearrow & $\searrow$ & \textbackslash searrow \\
|
||
$\swarrow$ & \textbackslash swarrow & $\nwarrow$ & \textbackslash nwarrow \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{4}{l}{以下命令依赖 latexsym 宏包} \\
|
||
$\leadsto$ & \textbackslash leadsto \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
amsmath 的 \textbackslash xleftarrow 和 \textbackslash xrightarrow 命令%
|
||
提供了长度可以伸展的箭头,并且可以为 箭头增加上下标:
|
||
\[ a\xleftarrow{x + y + z} b \]
|
||
\[ c\xrightarrow[x < y]{a*b*c} d \]
|
||
\subsubsection{括号和定界符}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{定界符}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clclcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$($ & ( & $)$ & ) &
|
||
$\uparrow$ & \textbackslash uparrow \\
|
||
$[$ & \textbackslash lbrack or [ & $]$ & \textbackslash rbrack or ] &
|
||
$\downarrow$ & \textbackslash downarrow \\
|
||
$\{$ & \textbackslash lbrace or \textbackslash\{ &
|
||
$\}$ & \textbackslash rbrace or \textbackslash\} &
|
||
$\updownarrow$ & \textbackslash updownarrow \\
|
||
$\langle$ & \textbackslash langle & $\rangle$ & \textbackslash rangle &
|
||
$\Uparrow$ & \textbackslash Uparrow \\
|
||
$\vert$ & \textbackslash or | & $\Downarrow$ & \textbackslash Downarrow &
|
||
$\|$ & \textbackslash Vert or \textbackslash| \\
|
||
$/$ & / & $\backslash$ & \textbackslash backslash &
|
||
$\Updownarrow$ & \textbackslash Updownarrow \\
|
||
$\lfloor$ & \textbackslash lfloor & $\rfloor$ & \textbackslash rfloor &
|
||
$\rceil$ & \textbackslash rceil \\
|
||
$\lceil$ & \textbackslash lceil \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{用于行间公式的大定界符}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{clcl}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
$\left\lgroup\right.$ & \textbackslash lgroup &
|
||
$\left\arrowvert\right.$ & \textbackslash arrowvert \\
|
||
$\left\rgroup\right.$ & \textbackslash rgroup &
|
||
$\left\Arrowvert\right.$ & \textbackslash Arrowvert \\
|
||
$\left\lmoustache\right.$ & \textbackslash lmoustache &
|
||
$\left\bracevert\right.$ & \textbackslash bracevert \\
|
||
$\left\rmoustache\right.$ & \textbackslash rmoustache \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\[ {a,b,c} \neq \{a,b,c\} \]
|
||
使用 \textbackslash left 和 \textbackslash right 命令可令括号(定界符)的大小可变,在行间公式中常用。%
|
||
\LaTeX 会自动根据括号内的公式大小决定定界符大小。\\
|
||
\textbackslash left 和 \textbackslash right 必须成对使用。需要使用单个定 界符时,另一个定界符写成%
|
||
\textbackslash left. 或 \textbackslash right.\par
|
||
\[
|
||
1 + \left( \frac{1}{1 - x^2} \right)^3 \qquad
|
||
\left.\frac{\partial f}{\partial t} \right|_{t = 0}
|
||
\]
|
||
还可以用 \textbackslash big、\textbackslash bigg 等命令生成固定大小的定界符。\\
|
||
更常用的形式是类似 \textbackslash left 的 \textbackslash bigl、\textbackslash biggl 等,%
|
||
以及类似 \textbackslash right 的 \textbackslash bigr、\textbackslash biggr 等%
|
||
(\textbackslash bigl 和 \textbackslash bigr 不必成对出现)。\par
|
||
\[ \Bigl((x + 1)(x - 1)\Bigr)^2 \]
|
||
\[ \bigl( \Bigl( \biggl( \Biggl( \quad
|
||
\bigr\} \Bigr\} \biggr\} \Biggr\} \quad
|
||
\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \quad
|
||
\big\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow
|
||
\bigg\Downarrow \Bigg\Downarrow
|
||
\]
|
||
\subsection{多行公式}
|
||
\subsubsection{长公式折行}
|
||
amsmath 宏包的 multline 环境提供了书写折行长公式的方便环境。它允许用 %
|
||
\textbackslash\textbackslash 折行,将 公式编号放在最后一行。%
|
||
多行公式的首行左对齐,末行右对齐,其余行居中。
|
||
\begin{multline}
|
||
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i\\
|
||
= j + k + l + m + n\\
|
||
= o + p + q + r + s\\
|
||
= t + u + v + w + x
|
||
\end{multline}
|
||
类似 equation*,multline* 环境排版不带编号的折行长公式。
|
||
\subsubsection{多行公式}
|
||
罗列一系列公式,并令其按照等号对齐。\\
|
||
目前最常用的是 align 环境,它将公式用 \& 隔为两部分并对齐。分隔符通常放在等号左边:
|
||
\begin{align}
|
||
a & = b + c \\
|
||
& = d + c
|
||
\end{align}
|
||
align 环境会给每行公式都编号。我们仍然可以用 \textbackslash notag 去掉某行的编号。\\
|
||
为了对齐加号,我们将分隔符放在等号右边,这时需要给等号后添加一对括号 \{\} 以产生正常的 间距:
|
||
\begin{align}
|
||
a ={} & b + c \\
|
||
={} & d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l \notag \\
|
||
& + m + n + o \\
|
||
={} & p + q + r + s
|
||
\end{align}
|
||
align 还能够对齐多组公式,除等号前的 \& 之外,公式之间也用 \& 分隔:
|
||
\begin{align}
|
||
a & = 1 & b & = 2 & c & = 3 \\
|
||
d & = - 1 & e & = - 2 & f & = - 5
|
||
\end{align}
|
||
如果我们不需要按等号对齐,只需罗列数个公式, gather 将是一个很好用的环境:
|
||
\begin{gather}
|
||
a = b + c \\
|
||
d = e + f + g \\
|
||
h + i = j + k \\
|
||
l + m = n
|
||
\end{gather}
|
||
align 和 gather 有对应的不带编号的版本 align* 和 gather*
|
||
\subsubsection{公用编号的多行公式}
|
||
多个公式组在一起公用一个编号,编号位于公式的居中位置。\\
|
||
amsmath 宏包提供了诸如 aligned、gathered 等环境,%
|
||
与 equation 环境套用。以 -ed 结尾的环境用法与前一节不以 -ed 结尾的环境用法一一对应。
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\begin{aligned}
|
||
a & = b + c \\
|
||
d & = e + f + g \\
|
||
h + i & = j + k \\
|
||
l + m & = n
|
||
\end{aligned}
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
split 环境和 aligned 环境用法类似,也用于和 equation 环境套用,区别是 split 只能 将每行的一个公式分两栏,
|
||
aligned 允许每行多个公式多栏。
|
||
\subsection{数组和矩阵}
|
||
二维数组,\LaTeX 提供了 array 环境,用法与 tabular 环境极为类似,%
|
||
也需要定 义列格式,并用 \textbackslash \textbackslash 换行。%
|
||
数组可作为一个公式块,在外套用 \textbackslash left、\textbackslash right 等定界符:
|
||
\[
|
||
\mathbf{X} = \left(
|
||
\begin{array}{cccc}
|
||
x_{11} & x_{12} & \ldots & x_{1n} \\
|
||
x_{21} & x_{22} & \ldots & x_{2n} \\
|
||
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
|
||
x_{n1} & x_{n2} & \ldots & x_{nn}
|
||
\end{array}
|
||
\right)
|
||
\]
|
||
amsmath 提供的 cases 环境
|
||
\[
|
||
|x| =
|
||
\begin{cases}
|
||
- x & \text{if } x < 0, \\
|
||
0 & \text{if } x = 0, \\
|
||
x & \text{if } x > 0.
|
||
\end{cases}
|
||
\]
|
||
amsmath 宏包提供了多种排版矩阵的环境,包括不带定界符的 matrix,以及带各种定界符的矩阵 pmatrix ($\left(\right.$) 、
|
||
bmatrix ($\left[\right.$) 、 Bmatrix ($\left\{\right.$) 。使用这些环境时,无需给定列格式 :
|
||
\[
|
||
\begin{matrix}
|
||
1 & 2 \\
|
||
3 & 4
|
||
\end{matrix} \qquad
|
||
\begin{bmatrix}
|
||
x_{11} & x_{12} & \ldots & x_{1n} \\
|
||
x_{21} & x_{22} & \ldots & x_{2n} \\
|
||
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
|
||
x_{n1} & x_{n2} & \ldots & x_{nn}
|
||
\end{bmatrix}
|
||
\]
|
||
在矩阵中的元素里排版分式时,一来要用到 \textbackslash dfrac 等命令,%
|
||
二来行与行之间有可能紧贴着, 这时要调节间距:
|
||
\[
|
||
\mathbf{H} =
|
||
\begin{bmatrix}
|
||
\dfrac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2} & \dfrac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x\partial y} \\[8pt]
|
||
\dfrac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x\partial y} & \dfrac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2}
|
||
\end{bmatrix}
|
||
\]
|
||
\subsection{公式中的间距}
|
||
生成间距的命令 \textbackslash quad 和 \textbackslash qquad 和 \textbackslash , 在文本和数学 环境中可用\\
|
||
\textbackslash ,、\textbackslash :、\textbackslash ; 以及负间距 \textbackslash ! %
|
||
命令只用于数学环境。文本中的 \textbackslash\verb*| | 也能使用在数学公式中。\par
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\begin{tabular}{ll|ll}
|
||
\hline
|
||
无额外间距 & aa &
|
||
\textbackslash , & a\,a \\
|
||
\textbackslash quad & a\quad a &
|
||
\textbackslash : & a\:a \\
|
||
\textbackslash qquad & a\qquad a &
|
||
\textbackslash ; & a\;a \\
|
||
\textbackslash \verb*| | & a\ a &
|
||
\textbackslash ! & a\!a \\
|
||
\hline
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
一个常见的用途是修正积分的被积函数 $f(x)$ 和微元 $\text{d}x$ 之间的距离。
|
||
\[
|
||
\int_a^b f(x) \mathrm{d}x
|
||
\qquad
|
||
\int_a^b f(x) \, \mathrm{d}x
|
||
\]
|
||
另一个用途是生成多重积分号。如果我们直接连写两个 \textbackslash int,%
|
||
之间的间距将会过宽,此时 可以使用负间距 \textbackslash ! 修正之。
|
||
\begin{gather*}
|
||
\int\int f(x)g(y) \,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y \\
|
||
\int\!\!\!\int f(x)g(y) \mathrm{d}\,x\mathrm{d}\,y
|
||
\end{gather*}
|
||
amsmath 提供了更方便的多重积分号,如二重积分 \textbackslash iint、%
|
||
三 重积分 \textbackslash iiint 等。
|
||
\begin{gather*}
|
||
\iint f(x)g(y) \,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y \\
|
||
\iint \quad \iiint \quad \idotsint
|
||
\end{gather*}
|
||
\subsection{数学符号的字体控制}
|
||
\subsubsection{数学字母字体}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{数学字母字体}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{lll}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
示例 &命令 &依赖的宏包\\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
$\mathnormal{ABCDEabcde1234}$ & \textbackslash mathnormal\{\ldots\} & \\
|
||
$\mathrm{ABCDEabcde1234}$ & \textbackslash mathrm\{\ldots\} & \\
|
||
$\mathit{ABCDEabcde1234}$ & \textbackslash mathit\{\ldots\} & \\
|
||
$\mathbf{ABCDEabcde1234}$ & \textbackslash mathbf\{\ldots\} & \\
|
||
$\mathsf{ABCDEabcde1234}$ & \textbackslash mathsf\{\ldots\} & \\
|
||
$\mathtt{ABCDEabcde1234}$ & \textbackslash mathtt\{\ldots\} & \\
|
||
$\mathcal{ABCDEabcde1234}$ & \textbackslash mathcal\{\ldots\} & 只大写字母 \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
$\mathcal{ABCDE}$ & \textbackslash mathcal\{\ldots\} & eucal,只大写字母 \\
|
||
$\mathscr{ABCDE}$ & \textbackslash mathscr\{\ldots\} & mathrsfs,只大写字母 \\
|
||
$\mathfrak{ABCDEabcde1234}$ & \textbackslash mathfrak\{\ldots\} & amssymb 或 eufrak \\
|
||
$\mathbb{ABCDE}$ & \textbackslash mathbb\{\ldots\} & amssymb,只大写字母 \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\[ \mathcal{R} \quad \mathfrak{R \quad \mathbb{R}} \]
|
||
\[ \mathcal{L} = -\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu} \]
|
||
$\mathfrak{su}(2)$ and $\mathfrak{so}(3)$ Lie algebra
|
||
\subsubsection{数学符号的尺寸}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{数学符号尺寸}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{lll}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
命令 &尺寸 &示例\\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\textbackslash displaystyle & 行间公式尺寸 & $\displaystyle \sum a$ \\
|
||
\textbackslash textstyle & 行内公式尺寸 & $\textstyle \sum a$ \\
|
||
\textbackslash scriptstyle & 上下标尺寸 & $\scriptstyle a$ \\
|
||
\textbackslash scriptscriptstyle & 次级上下标尺寸 & $\scriptscriptstyle a$ \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\[
|
||
P = \frac
|
||
{\sum_{i = 1}^n (x_i - x)(y_i - y)}
|
||
{\displaystyle \left[
|
||
\sum_{i = 1}^n (x_i - x)^2
|
||
\sum_{i = 1}^n (y_i - y)^2
|
||
\right]^{1/2}}\,
|
||
\]
|
||
\subsubsection{加粗的数学符号}
|
||
\LaTeX 提供了一个命令 \textbackslash boldmath 令用户可以将整套数学字体切换为粗体版本。但这个命 令只能在公式外使用:\par
|
||
$\mu, M \qquad \mathbf{\mu}, \mathbf{M}$ \qquad
|
||
{\boldmath$\mu, M$\par}
|
||
amsmath 提供了一个 \textbackslash boldsymbol 命令(由调用的 amsbsy 宏包提供) ,%
|
||
用于打破 \textbackslash boldmath 的限制,在公式内部将一部分符号切换为粗体。\par
|
||
$\mu, M \qquad \boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{M}$
|
||
\subsection{定理环境}
|
||
\subsubsection{\LaTeX 原始的定理环境}
|
||
\textbackslash newtheorem$\{\langle theorem environment\rangle\}\{\langle title\rangle\}[\langle section-level\rangle]$\\
|
||
\textbackslash newtheorem$\{\langle theorem environment\rangle\}[\langle counter\rangle]\{\langle title\rangle\}$\\
|
||
$\langle theorem environment\rangle$为定理环境的名称。%
|
||
$\langle title\rangle$是定理环境的标题(``定理'',``公理''等)。\par
|
||
定理的序号由两个可选参数之一决定,它们不能同时使用:
|
||
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{\textbullet}
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item $\langle section-level\rangle$为章节级别,如 chapter、section 等,%
|
||
定理序号成为章节的下一级序号;
|
||
\item $\langle counter\rangle$为用 \textbackslash newcounter 自定义的计数器名称,
|
||
定理序号由这个计数器 管理。
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
\newtheorem{mythm}{My Theorem}[subsection]
|
||
\begin{mythm}\label{thm:light}
|
||
The light speed in vacuum%
|
||
is $299,792,458\,\mathrm{m/s}$.
|
||
\end{mythm}
|
||
\begin{mythm}[Energy-momentum relation]
|
||
The relationship of energy, %
|
||
momentum and mass is%
|
||
\[E^2 = m_0^2 c^4 + p^2 c^2\]
|
||
where $c$ is the light speed %
|
||
described in theorem \ref{thm:light}.
|
||
\end{mythm}
|
||
\subsubsection{amsthm 宏包}
|
||
amsthm 提供了 \textbackslash theoremstyle 命令支持定理格式的切换,%
|
||
在用 \textbackslash newtheorem 命令定义定 理环境之前使用。\\
|
||
amsthm 预定义了三种格式用于 \textbackslash theoremstyle:
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item plain 和 \LaTeX 原始的格式 一致
|
||
\item definition 使用粗体标签、正体内容
|
||
\item remark 使用斜体标签、正体内容
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
另外 amsthm 还支持用带星号的 \textbackslash newtheorem* 定义不带序号的定理环境\par
|
||
\theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{law}{Law}
|
||
\theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{jury}[law]{Jury}
|
||
\theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem*{mar}{Margaret}
|
||
\begin{law}\label{law:box}
|
||
Don't hide in the witness box.
|
||
\end{law}
|
||
\begin{jury}[The Tewlve]
|
||
It could be you! So beware and see law~\ref{law:box}.
|
||
\end{jury}
|
||
\begin{mar}
|
||
No, No, No
|
||
\end{mar}
|
||
\begin{mar}
|
||
Denis!
|
||
\end{mar}
|
||
以上例子定义的 jury 环境与 law 环境共用编号,mar 环境不编号\par
|
||
amsthm 还支持使用 \textbackslash newtheoremstyle 命令自定义定理格式,%
|
||
更为方便使用的是 ntheorem 宏包。
|
||
\subsubsection{证明环境和证毕符号}
|
||
amsthm 还提供了一个 proof 环境用于排版定理的证明过程。%
|
||
proof 环境末尾自动加上一个 $\Box$ 证毕符号:
|
||
\renewcommand{\proofname}{\indent \textit{Proof}}
|
||
\begin{proof}
|
||
For simplicity, we use
|
||
\[ E = mc^2 \]
|
||
That's it.
|
||
\end{proof}
|
||
如果行末是一个不带编号的公式, 符号会另起一行,%
|
||
这时可使用 \textbackslash qedhere 命令将 号放在公式末尾:
|
||
\begin{proof}
|
||
For simplicity, we use
|
||
\[ E = mc^2 \qedhere \]
|
||
\end{proof}
|
||
\textbackslash qedhere 对于 align* 等命令也有效:
|
||
\begin{proof}
|
||
Assuming $\gamma = 1/\sqrt{a-v^2/c^2}$, then
|
||
\begin{align*}
|
||
E & = \gamma m_0 c^2 \\
|
||
p & = \gamma m_0 v \qedhere
|
||
\end{align*}
|
||
\end{proof}
|
||
在使用带编号的公式时,建议最好不要在公式末尾使用 \textbackslash qedhere 命令。%
|
||
对带编号的公式使 用 \textbackslash qedhere 命令会使符号放在一个难看的位置,紧贴着公式:
|
||
\begin{proof}
|
||
For simplicity, we use
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
E = mc^2 \qedhere
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
\end{proof}
|
||
\begin{proof} For simplicity, we use
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
E = mc^2
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
\end{proof}
|
||
在 align 等环境中使用 \textbackslash qedhere 命令会使 $\Box$ 盖掉公式的编号:
|
||
\begin{proof}
|
||
Assuming $\gamma = 1/\sqrt{a-v^2/c^2}$, then
|
||
\begin{align}
|
||
E & = \gamma m_0 c^2 \\
|
||
p & = \gamma m_0 v \qedhere
|
||
\end{align}
|
||
\end{proof}
|
||
使用 equation 嵌套 aligned 等环境时,\textbackslash qedhere 命令会将%
|
||
$\Box$ 直接放在公式后:
|
||
\begin{proof}
|
||
Assuming $\gamma = 1/\sqrt{a-v^2/c^2}$, then
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\begin{aligned}
|
||
E & = \gamma m_0 c^2 \\
|
||
p & = \gamma m_0 v \qedhere
|
||
\end{aligned}
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
\end{proof}
|
||
证毕符号 $\Box$ 本身被定义在命令 \textbackslash qedsymbol 中,%
|
||
如果有使用实心符号作为证毕符号的需求, 需要自行用%
|
||
\textbackslash renewcommand命令修改
|
||
\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{1ex}{1.5ex}}
|
||
\renewcommand{\proofname}{\textit{Proof}}
|
||
\begin{proof}
|
||
For simplicity, we use
|
||
\[ E=mc^2 \qedhere \]
|
||
\end{proof}
|
||
\section{排版样式设定}
|
||
\subsection{字体和字号}
|
||
{\small The small and \textbf{bold} Romans ruled}
|
||
{\Large all of great big {\itshape Italy}.}
|
||
\subsubsection{字体样式}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{字体命令}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
\textbackslash rmfamily &\textbackslash textrm\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\textbackslash rm\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\rm{roman} &衬线字体(罗马体) \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash sffamily &\textbackslash textsf\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\textbackslash sf\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\sf{sans serif} &无衬线字体 \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash ttfamily &\textbackslash texttt\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\textbackslash tt\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\tt{typewriter} &等宽字体\\
|
||
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash mdseries &\textbackslash textmd\{\ldots\}
|
||
&
|
||
&\textmd{medium} &正常粗细(中等) \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash bfseries &\textbackslash textbf\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\textbackslash bf\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\bf{bold face} &粗体 \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash upshape &\textbackslash textup\{\ldots\}
|
||
&
|
||
&\textup{upright} &直立体 \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash itshape &\textbackslash textit\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\textbackslash it\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\it{italic} &意大利斜体 \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash slshape &\textbackslash textsl\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\textbackslash sl\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\sl{slanted} &倾斜体 \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash scshape &\textbackslash textsc\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\textbackslash sc\{\ldots\}
|
||
&\sc{small caps} &小字母大写 \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash em &\textbackslash emph\{\ldots\}
|
||
&
|
||
&\emph{emphasized} &强调,默认斜体 \\
|
||
|
||
\textbackslash normalfont &\textbackslash textnormal\{\ldots\}
|
||
&
|
||
&\textnormal{normal font} &默认字体 \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
诸如 \textbackslash bfseries 形式的命令将会影响之 后所有的字符,%
|
||
如果想要让它在局部生效,需要用花括号分组,也就是写成 \{\textbackslash bfseries %
|
||
$\langle some\;text\rangle$\} 这样的形式;\\
|
||
对应的 \textbackslash textbf 形式带一个参数,只改变参数内部的字体,更为常用。\par
|
||
在公式中,直接使用 \textbackslash textbf 等命令不会起效,甚至报错。\par
|
||
\subsubsection{字号}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{字号}\label{字号}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\bf{字号}}
|
||
&\bf{10pt 选项(默认)} &\bf{11pt 选项} &\bf{12pt 选项} \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\textbackslash tiny &\tiny tiny font
|
||
&5pt &6pt &6pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash scriptsize &\scriptsize very small font
|
||
&7pt &8pt &8pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash footnotesize &\footnotesize quite small font
|
||
&8pt &9pt &10pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash small &\small small font
|
||
&9pt &10pt &10.95pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash normalsize &\normalsize normalfont
|
||
&10pt &10.95pt &12pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash large &\large large font
|
||
&12pt &12pt &14.4pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash Large &\Large larger font
|
||
&14.4pt &14.4pt &17.28pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash LARGE &\LARGE very large font
|
||
&17.28pt &17.28pt &20.74pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash huge &\huge huge
|
||
&20.74pt &20.74pt &24.88pt \\
|
||
\textbackslash huge &\huge largest
|
||
&24.88pt &24.88pt &24.88pt \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
字号命令实际大小依赖于所使用的文档类及其选项。\\
|
||
使用字号命令的时候,通常也需要用花括号进行分组,%
|
||
如同 \textbackslash rmfamily 那样。\par
|
||
He likes {\LARGE large and {\small small} letters}.\par
|
||
还提供了一个基础的命令 \textbackslash fontsize 用于设定任意大小的字号:\par
|
||
\textbackslash fontsize\{$\langle size\rangle$\}\{$\langle line-skip\rangle$\}\par
|
||
$\langle size\rangle$为字号,$\langle line-skip\rangle$为基础行距。\par
|
||
表 \ref{字号} 中的命令也 都各自设定了与字号对应的基础行距,大小为字号的 1.2 倍。\par
|
||
如果不是在导言区,\textbackslash fontsize 设定需要 \textbackslash selectfont 命令才能立即生效,%
|
||
而表 \ref{字号} 的字号设定都是立即生效的。
|
||
\subsubsection{选用字体宏包}
|
||
\begin{table}[H]
|
||
\centering
|
||
\caption{常见的 \LaTeX 字体宏包}\label{字体宏包}
|
||
\begin{tabular}{ll}
|
||
\toprule
|
||
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf{文本 / 数学字体搭配的宏包}}\\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
lmodern &Latin Modern 字体,对 Computer Modern 字体的扩展 \\
|
||
cmbright &仿 Computer Modern 风格的无衬线字体 \\
|
||
euler &Euler 风格数学字体,也出自于高德纳之手 \\
|
||
ccfonts &Concrete 风格字体 \\
|
||
txfonts &Times 风格的字体宏包 \\
|
||
pxfonts &Palatino 风格的字体宏包 \\
|
||
stix &Times 风格的字体宏包 \\
|
||
newtxtext,newtxmath &txfonts 的改进版本,分别设置文本和数学字体 \\
|
||
newpxtext,newpxmath &pxfonts 的改进版本,分别设置文本和数学字体 \\
|
||
mathptmx &psnfss 字体宏集之一,Times 风格,较为陈旧,不推荐使用 \\
|
||
mathpazo &psnfss 字体宏集之一,Palatino 风格,较为陈旧,不推荐使用 \\
|
||
fourier &fourier 风格数学字体,配合 Utopia 正文字体 \\
|
||
fouriernc &fourier 风格数学字体,配合New Century Schoolbook 正文字体 \\
|
||
arev &Arev 无衬线字体宏包,Vera Sans 风格 \\
|
||
mathdesign &配合 Charter / Garamond / Utopia 正文字体的数学字体宏 \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf{文本字体宏包}}\\
|
||
\multicolumn{2}{l}{以下字体包括传统的 \LaTeX 字体格式以及 TrueType / OpenType 格式。}\\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
cm-unicode &Computer Modern 风格的 Unicode 字体,支持多种西方语言 \\
|
||
dejavu &DejaVu 开源字体 \\
|
||
droid &Droid 开源字体 \\
|
||
inconsolata &Inconsolata 开源等宽字体 \\
|
||
libertine &Linux Libertine / Linux Biolium 开源字体 \\
|
||
roboto &Roboto 开源无衬线字体 \\
|
||
sourcesanspro &Source Sans Pro 开源无衬线字体 \\
|
||
sourcecodepro &Source Code Pro 开源等宽字体 \\
|
||
\midrule
|
||
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf{符号宏包}}\\
|
||
mathabx &数学符号宏包之一 \\
|
||
MnSymbol &数学符号宏包之一,配合 Minion Pro 文本字体 \\
|
||
fdsymbol &数学符号宏包之一 \\
|
||
pifont &Zapf Dingbats 符号宏包 \\
|
||
\bottomrule
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
\end{table}
|
||
\subsubsection{字体编码}
|
||
字体编码规定了一个字体里包含的符号,并 将若干符号用 \LaTeX 命令定义。\par
|
||
常见的正文字体编码有 OT1 和 T1 等。\LaTeX 默认使用兼容 plain \TeX 的 OT1 编码\par
|
||
切换字体编码要用到 fontenc 宏包:\\
|
||
\textbackslash usepackage[T1]\{fontenc\}\par
|
||
fontenc 宏包是用来配合传统的 \LaTeX 字体的,如表 \ref{字体宏包} 中的一些传统字体宏包。%
|
||
如果使用 xelatex 编译方式,并使用 fontspec 宏包调用 ttf 或 otf 格式字体,就不要再使用 fontenc 宏 包。
|
||
\subsubsection{使用 fontspec 宏包更改字体 (xelatex)}
|
||
xelatex 命令下支持用户调用字体的宏包是 fontspec。宏包提供了几个设置全局字体的命 令,设置 %
|
||
\textbackslash rmfamily 等对应命令的默认字体 :\footnote{新版本 fontspec 的命令支持%
|
||
(并且推荐)把必选参数 $\langle font name\rangle$ 放在可选参数$\langle font features\rangle$ 的前面。}\par
|
||
\textbackslash setmainfont[$\langle font features\rangle$]\{$\langle font name\rangle$\} \\
|
||
\textbackslash setsansfont[$\langle font features\rangle$]\{$\langle font name\rangle$\} \\
|
||
\textbackslash setmonofont[$\langle font features\rangle$]\{$\langle font name\rangle$\}\\
|
||
$\langle font name\rangle$使用字体的文件名(带扩展名)或者字体的英文名称, %
|
||
$\langle font features\rangle$用来手 动配置对应的粗体或斜体。\par
|
||
\subsubsection{使用 xeCJK 宏包更改中文字体}
|
||
\textbackslash setCJKmainfont[$\langle font features\rangle$]\{$\langle font name\rangle$\} \\
|
||
\textbackslash setCJKsansfont[$\langle font features\rangle$]\{$\langle font name\rangle$\} \\
|
||
\textbackslash setCJKmonofont[$\langle font features\rangle$]\{$\langle font name\rangle$\}\\
|
||
由于中文字体少有对应的粗体或斜体, $\langle font features\rangle$ 里多用其他字体来配置,%
|
||
比如将宋体 对应的 BoldFont 配置为黑体,而 ItalicFont 配置为楷体。
|
||
\newpage
|
||
\appendix
|
||
\section{附录}
|
||
\end{document}
|